试论企业集团产生和发展的动因

自20世纪80年代以来，我国学者对企业集团的理论建设进行了一些有益探讨，但是他们大都没有跳出科技的交易成本分析框架。交易成本分析实际上只是一种静态分析方法，仅能在既定条件下分析各商业交易主体的哪些商业交易应当选用企业集团内部市场来组织、哪些商业交易又应当选用企业外部市场来组织或企业内部市场来组织，但无法揭示在动态条件转产发展的深层原因，因而使用这一分析框架所得出的结论都不可避免地带有一定的局限性。如果将垄断和竞争因素以及专业化因素引入交易成本分析框架，就能较好地理解企业集团的产生和发展。     

浅谈多媒体教学的常见误区和矫治策略

阐述了在多媒体计算机辅助教学的应用过程中可能进入的几个误区，并结合作的教学实践对走出误区的一些方法做了初步探讨。     

Effects of model-centered instruction on effectiveness, efficiency, and engagement with ill-structured problem solving

The goals of this study were to investigate the timing and the mechanism by which two types of model-centered instruction (MCI)—expert modeling (EM) and self-guided modeling (SGM)—might be made increasingly effective, efficient, and engaging for learners with different levels of expertise. The 62 pre-service and in-service evaluators who participated in the study were randomly assigned to one of these two types of MCI. The participants in the EM group were provided with the conceptual models used by experts to solve ethical conflicts within program evaluation. The participants in SGM group received no guidance in developing their own mental models. Regarding instructional effectiveness measures, there were no significant differences between the two types of MCI. However, inexperienced learners in the EM group invested less instructional effort and time than did those in the SGM group. In addition, inexperienced learners in the EM group also exhibited more engagement than did those in the SGM group. Therefore, EM is likely to be the more appropriate instructional design for inexperienced learners. Expert modeling required experienced learners to invest more mental effort, because if the conceptual model of the expert was redundant, it required them to integrate the previous schema with resulting overload of their working memory. Regardless of the types of MCI employed, the inexperienced participants showed significantly higher levels of attention and satisfaction than did the experienced participants.     

Modeling Self-Regulation as a Process Usinga Multiple Time-Scale Multiphase Latent Basis Growth Model

Measurement burst designs, wherein individuals are measured intensively during multiple periods (i.e., bursts), have created new opportunities for studying change at multiple time scales. This article develops a model that might be useful in situations where the functional form of short-term change is unknown, might consist of multiple phases, and might change over the long term. Specifically, we combine measurement of intraindividual entropy, a latent basis growth model, a multiphase growth model, and a growth model with covariates into a unified framework that could help accommodate the complexity of patterns that emerge in multiple time-scale categorical data streams. Empirical data from a longitudinal study of young children’s behavior during laboratory tasks designed to induce frustration are used to illustrate the utility of the proposed model for simultaneously describing intratask (short-term) change in self-regulation and developmental (long-term) shifts in intratask change.     

The etiology of giftedness

Many theories of giftedness either explicitly or implicitly acknowledge the role of genetic influences; yet, empirical work has not been able to establish the impact that genes have specifically on gifted behavior. In contrast, a great deal of research has been targeted at understanding the etiology of individual differences in general and specific cognitive abilities across the entire range of ability and to a lesser extent, high cognitive ability. This paper attempts to outline what we know and what we don't know about the etiology of giftedness as operationally defined as high g. We review studies selected to represent a variety of approaches that each address a different question about genetics and giftedness. These studies include quantitative genetic research which estimate heritability, shared and nonshared family environment – at the high and low ends of intelligence – as well as the heritability of group differences for general cognitive ability and specific cognitive abilities. We discuss the molecular genetic methods and mechanisms contributing to cognitive ability and suggest how epigenetic factors may operate. Quantitative and molecular genetic studies that include endophenotypes representing intelligence at a level closer to the genotype, are also included. This last group of studies represent a relatively new area of work that builds on and extends the extensive groundwork established by classic quantitative genetic studies of behavior.     

关于职业院校默会知识若干问题的探讨

对默会知识的占有和传播程度,是职业院校能否具有比较优势的关键。默会知识具有特定的内涵与特点。职业院校默会知识主要表现为三种形式:基于个体技能表现的默会知识;基于组织惯例的默会知识;基于学校文化的默会知识。要促进职业院校默会知识的传播,必须建立有利于默会知识传播的组织结构,形成组织中各个相关成员之间交流默会知识的机制;重新审视学徒制的地位和作用,提倡和重视学徒制,同时引导个体反复自主训练;致力于营造一种有利于默会知识传播并体现企业文化精神的学校文化。