Physical activity and situational motivation in physical education: influence of the motivational climate and perceived ability

The influence of perceptions of the motivational climate and perceived ability on situational motivation and the physical activity behavior of 213 male and 229 female adolescent physical education students (M age = 12.56 years; SD = 0.96) was examined over a 3-day period. A significant age by gender interaction emerged, with physical activity declining from the sixth to eighth grade. The decline was more pronounced among female than male students. Perceptions of a mastery climate were strongly related to more self-determined forms of situational motivation. In contrast, perceptions of a performance climate were strongly related to less self-determined forms of situational motivation. Results of a hierarchical regression analysis revealed gender, perceived ability, and perceptions of a mastery climate to explain a significant amount of variance in physical activity. These findings suggest that promoting a mastery oriented motivational climate in physical education will foster self-determined situational motivation and physical activity.     

Gender typing of sports: an investigation of Metheny's classification

The purpose of this study was to investigate if children perceived certain sports to be masculine, feminine, or neutral. Students attending a University Laboratory school (grades K-12) were asked to fill out a survey about sports during a class period, Children in grades K-6 were given a sport (such as baseball) and asked if a boy named David would play it, if a girl named Jane would play it, or if both David and Jane would play the sport. Students in grades 7-12 were asked to name their favorite athlete or team and sport and indicate what sports they felt was best for a girl and a boy. Then they were given a list of sports and asked to indicate, using a 5-point Likert-type scale, whether they believed the sport was masculine, neutral, or feminine. Results from loglinear analyses indicated that students sex-typed certain sports, such as aerobics and football. Additionally, although some responses from students in grades 7-12 indicated that individuals should be able to play any sport they wanted, there were many gendered rsponses in terms of what sport(s) girls and boys should participate in. The results are discussed with reference to Metheny's categories of permissible sports for girls and in the framework of the gender typing of sport.     

The effect of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of ingesting 75 g of glucose 45 min before the start of a graded exercise test to exhaustion on the determination of the intensity that elicits maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax). Eleven moderately trained individuals (VO2max: 58.9 +/- 1.0 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); mean +/- sx), who had fasted overnight, performed two graded exercise tests to exhaustion, one 45 min after ingesting a placebo drink and one 45 min after ingesting 75 g of carbohydrate in the form of glucose. The tests started at 95 W and the workload was increased by 35 W every 3 min. Gas exchange measures and heart rate were recorded throughout exercise. Fat oxidation rates were calculated using stoichiometric equations. Blood samples were collected at rest and at the end of each stage of the test. Maximal fat oxidation rates decreased from 0.46 +/- 0.06 to 0.33 +/- 0.06 g min(-1) when carbohydrate was ingested before the start of exercise (P < 0.01). There was also a decrease in the intensity which elicited maximal fat oxidation (60.1 +/- 1.9% vs 52.0+3.4% VO2max) after carbohydrate ingestion (P < 0.05). Maximal power output was higher in the carbohydrate than in the placebo trial (346 +/- 12 vs 332 +/- 12 W) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the ingestion of 75 g of carbohydrate 45 min before the onset of exercise decreased Fatmax by 14%, while the maximal rate of fat oxidation decreased by 28%.     

高师体育函授中软式排球教学的探讨

结合函授生特点，充分把握软排教学环节。通过软排与硬排特性和技战术的比较，提高学员对软排的认识；通过软排与硬排规则对比教学，提高学员对规则的充分理解。     

论中长跑的早期化训练

对少年儿童在中长跑项目的早期化训练问题，从中长跑项目的本身特点和少年儿童的身体发育特点方面进行了分析和探讨，认为中长跑项目的早期化训练是可行的，也是必要的，并提出了进行早期化训练应注意的问题。     

知行哲学在足球运动对抗中的运用研究

足球对抗的实质是相互间知行能力的竞争较量，足球对抗的知行特征为对抗中的知彼知己和避实击虚。