森林治理中以行动者为中心的权力理论

世界经济社会快速发展,森林面积减少、森林退化等生态环境问题日益凸显。森林成为不同行动者博弈的重要舞台,行动者之间的权力关系深刻影响了森林治理的效果。为了分析森林治理等研究领域中的社会网络关系,本文介绍了Max Krott等学者建立的以行动者为中心的权力理论,该理论提出行动者可以通过强制、激励（抑制）、主导信息3个权力要素,将自己的意志强加给其他行动者,并改变了他们的行为,从而决定森林治理的最终效果。该理论逐渐成为多个研究领域的重要分析框架,通过对社会网络的分析,以指导相关政策制定和实施。本文总结了权力理论的概念、研究方法和权力要素分类,并进一步探讨分析了该理论的研究边界和适用领域,并结合中国研究情景,提出了该理论在中国的应用前景和发展潜力。在生态文明建设的背景下,以行动者为中心的权力理论可以为中国学者分析森林等自然资源的现有治理结构、构建良好的治理体系提供有效的分析框架。     

The boundaries of attention deficit disorder

This report examines distinctions and interrelationships among attention deficit disorder (ADD) and two closely related conditions: learning disability (LD) and oppositional/conduct (O/C) disorder. To evaluate our hypothesis that some of the difficulty in resolving the relationship between ADD and, particularly, O/C may reflect the consequences of selective referral patterns, we studied groups of children diagnosed as ADD from different referral sources. Results suggest that referral bias does exist and that children referred to mental health settings differ from those referred to pediatricians, child neurologists, or psychologists. Because of the nature of the subjects referred to mental health services, nonrepresentative associations may emerge. Rather than being considered as prototypical of all children with attention disorder, children referred to mental health facilities may represent simply an extreme of the continuum of ADD. Evidence suggests that many children with ADD will be represented by those referred primarily for attentional deficits and learning problems, rather than those with inattention, hyperactivity, or aggression referred for child psychiatric evaluation.     

Boys Bonding: Same-sex friendship,the unconscious and heterosexual discourse

This article aims to explore some of the ways in which the cultural meanings and practices of gender, sexuality and relationships intersect with and are reworked in the same-sex friendships of children aged nine to eleven. Using material from an ethnographic study, it focuses on two boys, Ben and Karl, who identified themselves as best friends. The article argues that, while the boys clearly knew, positioned themselves in and deployed heterosexual discourse, their relationship to this was complex. In particular, they appeared to use it to distance themselves from the feminine and to build their friendship as a pleasurable, intimate and exciting space. The article uses psychoanalytic arguments to explore this material, tentatively suggesting that the boys' access to the cultural practice of 'best friendship' mobilised identifications that both reinforced conventional versions of heterosexual masculinity and questioned these. In particular, the article suggests that the boys' friendship may have involved 'over-inclusive' gender identifications - ones that indicate the existence of boyhood masculinities that are more capacious and flexible than those hegemonic in teenage and adolescent cultures.     

志愿服务作为电大思想政治教育载体的策略研究——以金华广播电视大学为例

由于当前我国电大思想政治教育存在不少问题,笔者将志愿服务作为电大思政教育的载体和切入点开展实践研究,提出一些可行路径,以期对当前电大思政教育模式创新提供有益的探索和建议。     

民国时期的农民负担

民国时期,无论是北洋军阀政府还是国民党政府统治期间,其统治区内农民不但要负担田赋正税,还要负担附加税,苛捐杂税多如牛毛,农民不堪其苦。而在中国共产党领导的革命根据地、抗日根据地和解放区,中共千方百计减轻农民负担,但由于战争环境,一个时期内农民负担也是不轻的。     

奥运拳击冠军邹市明在备战北京奥运期间的专项素质特征

目的：观察邹市明备战北京奥运会期间的专项素质特征。方法：监控包括邹市明在内的48、51妇级国家男子拳击队队员6人和贵州男子拳击队运动员12人在教学、正式比赛及专项体能训练中的心率、血乳酸反应。观察备战奥运期问国家队队员血红蛋白、血清CK和睾酮值及无氧耐力水平。结果：（1）教学实战中邹市明第二、四回合及第二、三回合后休息时的心率显著高于其他国家队队员;（2）邹市明教学实战及正式比赛后的血乳酸值均显著高于其他国家队队员;（3）邹市明在30s击打沙袋、六项素质循环组合计时后的心率水平及强度手靶、六项素质循环组合计时后的血乳酸水平显著高于其他国家队队员;（4）贵州拳击队队员跳绳双摇200次、实心球对墙平推1min和阶梯式跑后即刻的心率水平显著低于邹市明,跳绳双摇200次和阶梯式跑后即刻的心率水平显著低于其他国家队队员;（5）备战奥运期间邹市明的血红蛋白和血清睾酮水平显著低于其他国家队队员;（6）邹市明的最大无氧功和平均无氧功均显著低于其他国家队队员。结论：尽管邹市明在小级别国家拳击队中的非专项耐力素质不占优势,但与其他国家队队员相比,邹市明在教学实战及正式比赛中更能发挥无氧酵解能力,也体现出其优异的专项速度、力量和耐力素质。     

有氧耐力训练对高脂膳食雄性幼年大鼠脂肪-胰岛轴的影响

目的:幼年时期营养过剩导致机体代谢紊乱,同时引发肥胖和各种代谢性疾病.通过对高脂膳食雄性幼年大鼠进行有氧耐力训练,探讨有氧耐力训练对肥胖和代谢紊乱的影响及机制,它将为少年儿童运动减肥提供实验依据.方法:Wistar雄性大鼠40只,随机分三组:正常对照组(C组,n=12)、高脂膳食对照组(HC组,n=12)、高脂膳食运动组(HE组,n=16),C组给以标准饲料,HC和HE组给高脂饲料,同时对HE组进行为期8周的游泳训练.实验结束时,测量动物体重、体长、肾周及附睾周脂肪垫重量,用放射免疫法测定血清瘦素、胰岛素水平,用分光光度法测定血清游离脂肪酸及血糖水平.结果:1)与C组相比:HC组大鼠体重、Lee's指数、脂肪垫重量及血瘦素、胰岛素均极显著升高(P<0.001),血游离脂肪酸水平显著增高(P<0.01),血糖水平明显升高(P<0.05);2)与HC组相比:HE组脂肪垫、体重均极显著下降(P<0.001),Lee's指数、血瘦素、胰岛素及血游离脂肪酸水平均显著下降(P<0.01);血糖水平显明下降(P<0.05);3)C组与HE组各指标之间没有显著性差异.结论:高脂膳食可诱导雄性幼年大鼠发生肥胖,导致脂肪-胰岛轴的负反馈循环被破坏,机体出现代谢紊乱;有氧耐力训练有明显的降低体脂作用,其机制可能与脂肪-胰岛轴功能的改善有关,提示有氧耐力运动对雄性幼年大鼠饮食性肥胖引起的机体代谢紊乱现象起到了预防作用.     

Solution of transients in active four-terminal networks

Matrix and operational methods together provide a compact, convenient and systematic solution of transients. This paper illustrates the application of these methods to the solution of active four-terminal networks. First, the matrices are written with the Laplacian operator, s, as the parameter. Second, the vacuum tube as a four-terminal network is reviewed. Third, an example is given which illustrates the use of the method.