Changes in the perception of action possibilities while climbing to fatigue on a climbing wall

In two experiments we examined changes in the perception of action possibilities as a function of exertion. In Experiment 1, participants repeatedly climbed on a climbing wall in a series of trials that progressively increased in number to 10 trials, resulting in increased exertion. Before and during climbing, the participants judged their maximum reaching height and perceived exertion. On a separate day, participants climbed another 10 trials while performing actual maximum reaches. Higher perceived exertion was associated with decreases in perceived maximum reach while the actual reaches did not decrease. However, the perceptual changes occurred early during task execution when the participants were not yet fatigued. When exertion set in, neither perceived nor actual maximum reaching appeared to be affected. In Experiment 2, we included exhaustion trials. The findings replicated the early changes in perception observed in Experiment 1, which may be explained by hands-on experience with the task. Furthermore, while climbing to exhaustion, perceptual judgements largely changed in keeping with changes in the actual maximum reach. Thus, there appeared to be a functional relationship between participants' actual action capabilities, rather than their state of physical fatigue per se, and perceived action possibilities.     

大型体育赛事东道主国家形象研究

采用议程设置理论对2008年北京奥运前后国际电视传媒有关中国的报道进行内容分析,旨在探索大型事件如何影响东道国国家形象。以国家形象可见性、效价、主题结构、归因四个要素为框架,对美国、英国、德国、法国等九个国家的电视媒体报道中有关中国的新闻进行定量内容分析。结论如下:1)大型事件之前,东道主国家形象的可见性将升高,然而,在大型事件之后,东道国在国际媒体中的可见性甚至低于往常;2)奥运会后一年有关中国的新闻与会前一年相比,不明确的效价显著减少,正面和负面的效价比例均显著增加,2008北京奥运对中国的贡献在于增进了世界媒体和公众对中国的理解,但奥运会后中国的国际形象并没有显著改善;3)中国形象的主题结构和归因两个属性保持相对稳定,大型事件仅仅能够激发国际媒体对东道国的兴趣,并使东道国国家形象清晰化。     

Committees of division 15 1974–1975

A meta-analysis was undertaken to reexamine near- and far-transfer effects following working-memory training and to consider potential moderators more systematically. Forty-seven studies with 65 group comparisons were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed near-transfer effects to short-term and working-memory skills that were sustained at follow-up with effect sizes ranging from g = 0.37 to g = 0.72 for immediate transfer and g = 0.22 to g = 0.78 for long-term transfer. Far-transfer effects to other cognitive skills were small, limited to nonverbal (g = 0.14) and verbal (g = 0.16) ability and not sustained at follow-up. Several moderators (e.g., duration of training sessions, supervision during training) had an influence on transfer effects, including far-transfer effects. We present principles for how best to improve working memory through training in the narrow-task paradigm and conjecture how best to improve basic cognitive functions in complex activity contexts.