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971.
Mirjam Ebersbach Wim Van Dooren Lieven Verschaffel 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2011,9(1):25-46
The present study aimed at investigating children's and adolescents' understanding of constant and accelerated motions. The
main objectives were (1) to investigate whether different task formats would affect the performance and (2) to track developmental
changes in this domain. Five to 16 year olds (N = 157) predicted the distances of a moving vehicle on the basis of its movement durations on both a horizontal and an inclined
plane. The task formats involved: (1) nonverbal action tasks, (2) number-based missing-value word problems, and (3) verbal
judgments. The majority of participants of all age groups based their reactions in the first two task types on the assumption
of a linear relationship between time and distance—which is correct for motions with constant speed but incorrect for accelerated
motions. However, in the verbal judgments that tapped conceptual understanding, children from the age of 8 years onwards correctly
assumed that an object rolling down an inclined plane would accelerate. The role of the task format in evoking erroneous beliefs
and strategies is discussed. 相似文献
972.
973.
Nicole von der Linden Wolfgang Schneider Claudia M. Roebers 《Metacognition and Learning》2011,6(1):3-23
Two studies were conducted to investigate whether context variations were suitable to improve metacognitive judgments in children
in a complex, everyday memory task. In the first phase of each experiment, participants were shown a short event (video) and
gave judgments-of-learning (JOLs), that is, rated their certainty that they would later be able to recall specific details
correctly. In the second phase of the experiments, participants took part in a memory interview about the memory event and
gave confidence judgments (CJs), that is, rated their certainty that the provided answers to the memory questions were correct.
Study 1 specifically investigated the potential positive influence of giving a verbal summary before the JOL-interview on
metacognitive monitoring, whereas Study 2 had a closer look on the effect of intentional versus non-intentional encoding on
JOL and CJ accuracy. Results revealed no significant influence of giving a summary and hardly any effect of encoding condition
on metamemory monitoring although children from age 6 on showed adequate monitoring performance. JOL accuracy appears to be
a complex process, which is even more difficult to influence in children than in adults. 相似文献
974.
Pieter Wouters Erik D. van der Spek Herre van Oostendorp 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2011,59(6):741-763
The effectiveness of serious games is often measured with verbal assessment. As an alternative we propose Pathfinder structural
assessment (defined as measuring the learners’ knowledge organization and compare this with a referent structure) which comprises
three steps: knowledge elicitation, knowledge representation and knowledge evaluation. We discuss practical and theoretical
considerations for the use of structural assessment and showcase its application with the game Code Red: Triage. Results suggest
that structural assessment measures an individual’s understanding of a domain at least differently from verbal assessment.
While verbal assessment may provide a more nuanced picture regarding declarative and procedural knowledge, structural assessment
may add an in-depth understanding of the concepts that are regarded important in a domain. In the Discussion we propose four
guidelines to effectively use structural assessment in serious games: (1) Determine the appropriateness of the domain for
structural assessment, (2) select an appropriate referent for the target group(s), (3) select the number of concepts needed
for structural assessment, and (4) consider the analysis of the graphical knowledge representations to obtain in-depth information
about the quality of the knowledge structures. 相似文献
975.
This paper examines the concepts of trust and transformational government, both of which have been the subject of increasing attention in recent times. It explores what trust and transformation mean, or could mean, for government, governance and public administration and whether transformational government is just a feel-good phrase or a genuinely new departure. As part of this, the question of what precisely is being, or could be, transformed is examined. The results of this examination suggest that the expectation that technology-enabled change has the ability to increase citizen trust, thereby transforming government may be too high, but that more research is needed. A framework for such research is proposed. 相似文献
976.
James D. George Danielle I. Bradshaw Annette Hyde Pat R. Vehrs Ronald L. Hager Frank G. Yanowitz 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(3):149-160
The purpose of this study was to develop an age-generalized regression model to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) based on a maximal treadmill graded exercise test (GXT; George, 1996). Participants (N?=?100), ages 18–65 years, reached a maximal level of exertion (mean?±?standard deviation [SD]; maximal heart rate [HRmax]?=?185.2?±?12.4 beats per minute (bpm); maximal respiratory exchange ratio [RERmax]?=?1.18?±?0.05; maximal rating of perceived exertion (RPEmax)?=?19.1?±?0.7) during the GXT to assess VO2max (mean?±?SD; 40.24?±?9.11 mL·kg?1·min?1). Multiple linear regression generated the following prediction equation (R?=?.94, standard error of estimate [SEE]?=?3.18 mL·kg?1·min?1, %SEE?=?7.9): VO2max (mL·kg?1·min?1)?=?13.160?+?(3.314 × gender; females?=?0, males?=?1) ? (.131 × age) ? (.334 × body mass index (BMI))?+?(5.177 × treadmill speed; mph)?+?(1.315 × treadmill grade; %). Cross validation using predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) statistics revealed minimal shrinkage (Rp ?=?.93 and SEE p ?=?3.40 mL·kg?1·min?1); consequently, this model should provide acceptable accuracy when it is applied to independent samples of comparable adults. Standardized β-weights indicate that treadmill speed (.583) was the most effective at predicting VO2max followed by treadmill grade (.356), age (?.197), gender (.183), and BMI (?.148). This study provides a relatively accurate regression model to predict VO2max in relatively fit men and women, ages 18–65 years, based on maximal exercise (treadmill speed and grade), biometric (BMI), and demographic (age and gender) data. 相似文献
977.
Kai-Uwe Schmitt Diana Wider Frank I. Michel Othmar Brügger Hans Gerber Jachen Denoth 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):57-72
Wrist injuries are frequently observed after falls in snowboarding. In this study, laboratory experiments mimicking forward and backward falls were analysed. In six different falling scenarios, participants self-initiated falls from a static initial position. Eighteen volunteers conducted a total of 741 trials. Measurements were taken for basic parameters describing the kinematics as well as the biomechanical loading during impact, such as impact force, impact acceleration, and velocity. The effective mass affecting the wrist in a fall also was determined. The elbow angle at impact showed a more extended arm in backward falls compared to forward falls, whereas the wrist angle at impact remained similar in forward and backward falls. The study results suggest a new performance standard for wrist guards, indicating the following parameters to characterize an impact: an effective mass acting on one wrist of 3–5 kg, an impact angle of 75° of the forearm relative to the ground, and an impact velocity of 3 m/s. 相似文献
978.
Physical activity is an important public health issue and the benefits of an active lifestyle in relation to well-being and health have been strongly emphasised in recent years in Europe, as well as in most parts of the world. However, previous research has shown that physical activity within Europe and its member states is stratified. The present article gains insight into: (1) the geographical stratification; and (2) the social stratification of physical activity in the 27 European Union member states in 2005. Special attention is given to sporting activity in comparison to other forms of physical activity (transport, occupation and household). By doing this we intend to develop a picture of physical activity, in particular sporting activity, within the European Union. In addition, we want to verify whether low sporting activity levels are counterbalanced by other pieces of the total ‘menu of physical activities’. Based on Eurobarometer data from 2005 (N=26,688), bivariate analyses show that 4 out of 10 Europeans are not exposed to sporting activity. Moreover, particular subgroups of non-sportive citizens could be distinguished: South and East Europeans, and women, the elderly, individuals with a lower educational level and rural citizens. Our hypothesis that these groups would compensate for their non-sporting activity by being physically active in other domains could only be confirmed for women and rural citizens, in particular with regard to household physical activity. To understand the underlying structure of these possible compensation mechanisms, additional quantitative and qualitative research is needed. Nevertheless, because of societal trends towards an inactive society, the role of sporting activity will be increasingly important in the future for all inactive subgroups. For this purpose, not only should necessary resources and key stakeholders be identified, but also more importantly the social and environmental barriers for sporting activity need to be addressed. 相似文献
979.
Xuezhu Ren Frank Goldhammer Helfried Moosbrugger Karl Schweizer 《Learning and individual differences》2012,22(1):1-7
The aim of the present study was to clarify the nature of the ability-specific and position-specific components of Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) by relating them to a number of types of attention. The ability-specific component represents the constant part of cognitive performance whereas the position-specific component reflects the changes in processing of reasoning items as a result of the changing item position. A special model denoted fixed-links model was used to decompose the data of APM into independent components. Both components were related to two higher-order units of attention, perceptual attention and executive attention, which were derived from the various types of attention. In a sample of 226 participants the position-specific component of APM showed a substantially higher link with executive attention than with perceptual attention whereas the ability-specific component only showed a moderate link with perceptual attention. 相似文献
980.
Wessel Van Reede Van Oudtshoorn 《Performance Improvement》2012,51(1):8-15
How many times do clients ask: What is a CPT? What do CPTs do? Perhaps the best way to answer these questions is to look at some of the case studies submitted by Certified Performance Technologists applicants as part of the CPT application process. The applicants are asked to identify three projects they have done in the past 10 years that demonstrate proficiency in ISPI Standards 1 to 4 and at least three other Standards. In this article, a successful CPT applicant describes one of his projects and aligned his role as a performance improvement consultant with all 10 ISPI Standards. The story begins in this issue as Wessel Van Reede Van Oudtshoorn describes how he focused on results, took a systemic viewpoint, added value, used partnerships, and systematically assessed the need and opportunity. The story will continue in the February 2012 issue of PIJ. Joan Conway Dessinger 相似文献