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Alejandro?BellogínEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Pablo?Castells Iván?Cantador 《Information Retrieval》2017,20(6):606-634
There is an increasing consensus in the Recommender Systems community that the dominant error-based evaluation metrics are insufficient, and mostly inadequate, to properly assess the practical effectiveness of recommendations. Seeking to evaluate recommendation rankings—which largely determine the effective accuracy in matching user needs—rather than predicted rating values, Information Retrieval metrics have started to be applied for the evaluation of recommender systems. In this paper we analyse the main issues and potential divergences in the application of Information Retrieval methodologies to recommender system evaluation, and provide a systematic characterisation of experimental design alternatives for this adaptation. We lay out an experimental configuration framework upon which we identify and analyse specific statistical biases arising in the adaptation of Information Retrieval metrics to recommendation tasks, namely sparsity and popularity biases. These biases considerably distort the empirical measurements, hindering the interpretation and comparison of results across experiments. We develop a formal characterisation and analysis of the biases upon which we analyse their causes and main factors, as well as their impact on evaluation metrics under different experimental configurations, illustrating the theoretical findings with empirical evidence. We propose two experimental design approaches that effectively neutralise such biases to a large extent. We report experiments validating our proposed experimental variants, and comparing them to alternative approaches and metrics that have been defined in the literature with similar or related purposes. 相似文献
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Pablo D’Este 《Research Policy》2005,34(1):33-45
This paper aims to contribute to the analysis of within industry inter-firm variety. The paper develops two themes: (i) the analysis of intra-industry heterogeneity, and (ii) the extent to which higher performance is associated with the capacity of firms to expand their knowledge base. The main contribution of the paper is empirical, based on a data source consisting of information on documents published in international scientific journals by Spanish pharmaceutical firms. The empirical results support the argument that the firm's knowledge base is a main driver of persistent heterogeneity within industries. We find systematic variety in terms of how firms articulate their research activities, and positive correlation between firms’ knowledge diversification and performance. 相似文献
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Circadian variations have been found in cognitive processes, such as attention, working memory, and executive functions, which may explain oscillations in the performance of many tasks. These cognitive processes improve during the day and decrease during the night and early hours of the morning. Sleep deprivation further decreases these cognitive processes during daytime hours. This review analyses the recent findings on circadian rhythms in cognitive processes, as well as the implications of these rhythms for school learning. 相似文献
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Paola Iannone Matthew Inglis Juan Pablo Mejía-Ramos Adrian Simpson Keith Weber 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2011,77(1):1-14
Many mathematics education researchers have suggested that asking learners to generate examples of mathematical concepts is
an effective way of learning about novel concepts. To date, however, this suggestion has limited empirical support. We asked
undergraduate students to study a novel concept by either tackling example generation tasks or reading worked solutions to
these tasks. Contrary to suggestions in the literature, we found no advantage for the example generation group on subsequent
proof production tasks. From a second study, we found that undergraduate students overwhelmingly adopt a trial and error approach
to example generation and suggest that different example generation strategies may result in different learning gains. We
conclude by arguing that the teaching strategy of example generation is not yet understood well enough to be a viable pedagogical
recommendation. 相似文献
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Gabriel J. Stylianides Andreas J. Stylianides George N. Philippou 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2007,10(3):145-166
There is a growing effort to make proof central to all students’ mathematical experiences across all grades. Success in this goal depends highly on teachers’ knowledge
of proof, but limited research has examined this knowledge. This paper contributes to this domain of research by investigating
preservice elementary and secondary school mathematics teachers’ knowledge of proof by mathematical induction. This research
can inform the knowledge about preservice teachers that mathematics teacher educators need in order to effectively teach proof to preservice teachers. Our analysis is based
on written responses of 95 participants to specially developed tasks and on semi-structured interviews with 11 of them. The
findings show that preservice teachers from both groups have difficulties that center around: (1) the essence of the base
step of the induction method; (2) the meaning associated with the inductive step in proving the implication P(k) ⇒ P(k + 1) for an arbitrary k in the domain of discourse of P(n); and (3) the possibility of the truth set of a sentence in a statement proved by mathematical induction to include values
outside its domain of discourse. The difficulties about the base and inductive steps are more salient among preservice elementary
than secondary school teachers, but the difficulties about whether proofs by induction should be as encompassing as they could
be are equally important for both groups. Implications for mathematics teacher education and future research are discussed
in light of these findings.
相似文献
George N. PhilippouEmail: |