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161.
162.
Two baboons were trained on oddity problems with sets of stimuli involving parallel lines. When stable discrimination performance had been established, occasional test trials were run with Zöllner illusion figures. Both animals appeared to have been deceived by the illusion. 相似文献
163.
Karen L. Jones Peter Tymms David Kemethofer Joe O’Hara Gerry McNamara Stephan Huber 《牛津教育评论》2017,43(6):805-822
It has been widely documented that accountability systems, including school inspections, bring with them unintended side effects. These unintended effects are often negative and have the potential to undo the intended positive effects. However the empirical evidence is limited. Through a European comparative study we have had the rare opportunity to collect empirical evidence and study the effects (both intended and unintended) of school inspections (a key system of accountability) in a systematic way, across seven countries. We present the findings of the unintended effects in this paper. Survey self-report responses from school principals in each country, with differing school inspection systems, are analysed to measure the prevalence of these unintended effects and to investigate the part played by pressure to do well in inspections. A key finding is that increasing pressure in school inspection systems is associated with the undesired effect of the narrowing and refocusing of the curriculum and instructional strategies. We also show that a proportion of school principals admit to misrepresenting the school in data sent to the inspectorate and show evidence for formalisation/proceduralisation (excessive focus on records) and ossification (fear of experimentation in teaching), although these factors are less related to changes in pressure. 相似文献
164.
Denis Alamargot Gilles Caporossi David Chesnet Christine Ros 《Learning and individual differences》2011,21(5):505-516
This study investigated the role of working memory capacity as a factor for individual differences in the ability to compose a text with communicative efficiency based on audience awareness. We analyzed its differential effects on the dynamics of the writing processes, as well as on the content of the finished product. Twenty-five graduate students composed a procedural text explaining how to assemble a model turbine. They were free to consult a documentary source, featuring captioned pictures of turbine parts and assembly steps, at any time. Graphomotor and eye movements were recorded using ‘Eye and Pen’ software with an eye-tracker and digitizing tablet. Results showed that high WM capacity writers used a different strategy to explore the visual source, making longer writing pauses and producing more detailed procedures, and achieved the communicative goal more efficiently, by introducing more reader supports. In conclusion, we discuss the feasibility of audience awareness training. 相似文献
165.
David D. Williams Joseph B. South Stephen C. Yanchar Brent G. Wilson Stephanie Allen 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2011,59(6):885-907
This study employed a qualitative research design to investigate how instructional designers use evaluation in everyday design
practice. While past research has examined how designers spend their time, how they generally make decisions, and expert-novice
differences, little attention has been paid to use of context, input, process, or product evaluation, from the perspective
of practicing designers. Based on interviews of practitioners, our findings included ten themes regarding how designers use
evaluation to improve their products. While these results substantiate to some degree the claim that practitioners believe
clients will not pay for formal evaluations, they also suggest that practitioners use evaluation in important but less formal
ways. Other conclusions regarding the role of evaluation in design are provided and future directions for training and research
are discussed. 相似文献
166.
David Devraj Kumar P. V. Thomas John D. Morris Karen M. Tobias Mary Baker Trudy Jermanovich 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2011,20(2):116-115
This study examined the impact of computer simulation and supported science learning on a teacher’s understanding and conceptual
knowledge of current electricity. Pre/Post tests were used to measure the teachers’ concept attainment. Overall, there was
a significant and large knowledge difference effect from Pre to Post test. Two interesting interactions were observed during
the data analysis. The first was the difference between Elementary and Secondary teachers. Both groups had significant gains,
with large effect sizes, but the Elementary teachers (Pre-Mean = 3.70, Post-Mean = 7.51) started lower and ended higher exhibiting
a significantly larger gain than the Secondary teachers (Pre-Mean = 4.96, Post-Mean = 6.71). The second interaction was the
impact of gender. Both groups showed significant gains, with large effect sizes, but females (Pre-Mean = 3.90, Post-Mean = 7.21)
gained significantly more than males (Pre-Mean = 5.13, Post-Mean = 7.01). These results confirm that computer simulation supported
science learning can have a positive effect on concept attainment in teachers. 相似文献
167.
Yacine Atif Jameela Al-Jaroodi Shayma Alkobaisi Ahmed Jaffar George Ditsa Piers Campbell 《Education and Information Technologies》2011,16(4):441-461
We present a curriculum that prepares students for supporting large Enterprise Information Systems (EIS). EIS is best explained
through the evolution of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). These systems evolved over the last years driven by (1) changing
business requirements and (2) new development capabilities provided by technologies evolution and software vendors’ innovation.
These developments led to a new discipline—Enterprise Information Systems, which deals with issues whose focus is on creating
and sustaining business benefits through the utilization of corporate IT infrastructure assets. Currently, EIS knowledge is
essentially acquired on the job after substantial time of experience building and longer career ladder scale. This paper presents
an experience of a curriculum implementation that prepares students for the pervasive EIS landscape in meeting today’s corporate
needs. Our IT-based educational approach is evaluated as an alternative to prevailing Business-based approaches to EIS instruction.
In this IT-rooted approach, the curriculum is divided into four sections: a Core IT block of courses followed by two progressive-levels
of advanced EIS-related specialized subjects, and an industry-oriented field-training experience. Initially, a Core IT background
provides a foundation for IT innovation in developing EIS components at sophomore-level. A junior-level of specialized instruction
introduces integrated modules which form EIS platforms. Finally, supporting technologies of EIS-related processes and workflows
are presented at senior-level of specialized EIS instruction. An assessment case study of the proposed Enterprise System programs
is carried out through which we discuss the results of the curriculum performance. 相似文献
168.
Drawing on their experience in a Midwest healthcare system, the authors propose a model of leadership development through action learning that embraces ‘concentric collaboration’ at its core. The present study suggests that the process of concentric collaboration can serve to strengthen the skills of the individual leader as well as foster collective leadership. Central to the model is the growth and development of the individual leader which extends outward to create connections with others, ultimately increasing the social capital necessary to effect organizational change. This work contributes to the leadership development literature by offering a comprehensive model that includes the process of individual growth as well as collective capacity, organizational factors that support or inhibit this process as well as implications for practice. 相似文献
169.
170.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which Lebanese Baccalaureate II students' (Freshmen in american colleges) perceptions of their academic abilities match their actual achievements in both school and government examinations. A population sample of 2999 students were selected from a representative school sample (n = 122) throughout Lebanon. Students' demographic data, occupational choices and perceptions of their achievement were collected by a three-part questionnaire. Their cumulative grade averages in school and in government examinations were standardized and used to assess their career maturity. Findings indicated that most students wanted to become engineers or physicians while their actual achievement scores in school was average and in the government examination below average. Most correlational values between perceptions and actual achievement scores were either negative or insignificant. Students were found to make immature career decisions mainly because of the lack of any formal guidance programs in schools. 相似文献