Three Supervision Modalities for Training Marital and Family Counselors

Three supervision modalities (live, delayed review, and verbal reports) in training marital and family counselors are discussed with attention given to goals, supervisory considerations, advantages, and disadvantages of each modality.     

Efficiency and Inefficiency in the Ranking in Competitions: the Case of the Queen Elisabeth Music Contest

The Queen Elisabeth Contest is one of the most prestigious competitions in classical music. For both the artists who participate and for the public, it is important that the ranking of the finalists be affected as little as possible by exogenous factors relating to the organisation of the competition. Still, it is impossible to control for all contingencies. Thus, the ranking can be expected to deviate from that obtained in a hypothetical full-information assessment process. As such, the ranking may be unfair to the candidates and inefficient in providing information to the consumer. Deviations from the full-information ideal may result from self-selection of candidates, from positive information at the margin, and from differences in circumstances. Analysing data on all piano and violin versions of the Contest over the period 1956–1999, we find strong evidence of biases in the rankingprocess. Confirming previous research, we find that musicians who perform later in the final week or later on a given day in this week (on average) obtain a better classification. Further, in the piano competitions women obtain lower rankings and, prior to 1990, finalists from the Soviet Union obtained higherrankings than average. The jury appreciates innovation in the sense that musicians who perform a more recently composed concerto obtain a higher rank. Finally – especiallyfor violin – the candidate's decision to perform a popular concerto leadsto a lower ranking.     

Children are not Meant to be Studied …

The project of studying children in order to understand them, which lies at the heart of contemporary thinking about children and their education, is misconceived. It rests, jrst of all, upon a false belief that we can only come to know something properly by deliberately and systematically pursuing knowledge of it. Secondly, it offers a paradigm of knowing children which justifies parents and teachers in not giving themselves to children. By re-interpreting the problems that adults experience with children as technical, as arising from lack of information about them, it ignores the personal and moral dimension of adults' relations with children and thus further alienates them from one another.     

递增负荷运动过程中ER、PR水平的变化及其与性腺类固醇的关系

低性腺类固醇水平是AMi的重要特征之一.为了探讨低性激素环境下ER（雌激素受体）、PR（孕激素受体）的变化特点及激素与受体间的相互影响作用关系，并探讨其在运动性月经失调中的作用机制，本研究对递增负荷运动过程中及4个恢复期后，大鼠子宫和卵巢ER、PR及血清E2、P水平的变化进行了连续监测.结果显示，血清E2、P随运动负荷量的加大而逐渐降低，组织ER、PR水平随运动负荷量的加大呈渐进性升高.受体水平在停训后的恢复期内随着E2、P水平的回升，逐渐回落.结果表明，运动中受体水平的变化可能为非激素依赖性升高，这种升高或许是机体对长期运动训练造成的低性激素环境的一种适应性反应，可能是AMI病理机制过程的重要一环.恢复期受体水平的恢复与E2水平的升高具有直接关系。