Research in ‘sport pedagogy’ — One field of theoretical study in the science of sport

This analysis provides an overview of sports and physical education as a subject for research under the title of sport pedagogy, which is a subdiscipline within the scientific study of sport. The purpose is to provide a conceptual framework and guidelines for effective research.An explanation and justification of the terminology used is followed by a discussion of the status of sport pedagogy in relation to the sciences of education and sport. An analysis of the research dimension of sport pedagogy is the next step, and finally the direction this research is taking is explained by reference to two target areas, namely curriculum theory and instruction theory. An example of a research model integrating both areas is presented.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Untersuchung gibt einen Überblick über Sport und Leibeserziehung als Forschungsgegenstand unter der Bezeichnung Sportpädagogik, einem Zweig der Sportwissenschaften. Zweck der Untersuchung ist es, ein Rahmenkonzept und Richtlinien für eine wirkungsvolle Forschungsarbeit zu schaffen.Einer Erklärung und Abgrenzung der verwendeten Terminologie folgt eine Diskussion um die Stellung der Sportpädagogik im Hinblick auf Erziehungswissenschaft und Sportwissenschaft. Darauf wird die Bedeutung von Sportpädagogik für die Forschung untersucht, um dann schließlich die Richtung, in die sich diese Forschung bewegt, anhand von zwei Gegenstandsbereichen zu erklären, der Curriculumstheorie und der Unterrichtstheorie. Ein Forschungsmodell, das beide Gebiete umfaßt, wird am Beispiel vorgestellt.

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Résumé La présente analyse donne une vue d'ensemble des sports et de l'éducation physique en tant que sujet de recherche sous le titre de pédagogie du sport, qui est une sous-discipline de l'étude scientifique du sport. L'objectif consiste à offrir un cadre conceptuel et des directives pour une recherche efficace.Les explications et les éclaircissements concernant la terminologie employée sont suivis d'un débat sur le statut de la pédagogie du sport par rapport aux sciences de l'éducation et du sport. L'analyse de la dimension de la recherche relative à la pédagogie du sport constitue le point suivant, et enfin il est procédé à savoir la théorie du curriculum et celle de l'enseignement. Un modèle de recherche intégrant ces deux domaines est donné en exemple.

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This article is mainly based on three invited keynote papers presented by the author at international conferences: International Congress in Physical Education, Trois-Riviéres, Canada 1979; 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress, Eugene, Oregon, and 1986 Asian Games Scientific Congress, Cheonang-Seoul, Korea (cf. Haag 1982: 13–22; Haag 1986: 151–162; Haag 1987: 353–361).     

The moral choices children attribute to adults and to peers: Implications for moral acquisition

Thirty-six children (half 6–8 years old and half 10–12) in Northeast Brazil heard three hypothetical dilemmas featuring a choice between telling the truth and keeping a promise. Each dilemma was initiated by a different kind of lie: an exculpable pro-social lie (teasing), a lie in the personal domain (hiding) and a lie in the service of an anti-social act (cheating). They were asked to choose between truth and promise, and to attribute choices to adults and to peers. More younger than older children chose truth on all three dilemmas. Both regression and SSA analysis showed that “peer-judgments” predicted own judgments on all three dilemmas, but “adult-judgments” did so only on the dilemma, which featured an exculpable lie and involved no adults. The findings may be interpreted as supporting either (a) a constructivist account of development or (b) a learning account that features implicit processes.     

根箱法解析大豆苗期根际养分分布及吸收特征

植物影响根际微生态系统特征。应用根箱法对2个大豆基因型的苗期养分（N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn和Cu）吸收及其在根际分布特征进行了研究。结果表明，高产基因型北丰11 对N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn和Cu的吸收量均显著高于低产基因型海9731，其单位根长、根表面积吸收N、P、Ca和Mg的量亦较高，其根系吸收活力较强。土壤有效养分在根际的分布趋势不同，有效N和Mn在0–4 mm范围内的含量高于非根际区（>10 mm），而P、K、Mg和Cu在根面区表现一定程度的亏缺。2个基因型间根际养分差含量异较大，除K和Fe外，其它营养元素在北丰11根面和近根面区的含量均不同程度地高于海9731。北丰11根际0–6 mm的范围内pH较低。     

Comparing effects of school inspections in Sweden and Austria

In recent years, school inspections have been newly introduced or adapted to the evidence-based governance logic in many European countries. So far, empirical research on the impact of school inspections has produced inconclusive results. Methodologically, it has mainly focussed on analysis of a national inspection model and used cross-sectional data. In the following paper, we investigate the effects of school inspections in a comparative and longitudinal perspective in Sweden and Austria (province of Styria). In these countries, inspections follow different governance approaches. While Austria represents a low-stakes system which does not link consequences for schools to inspection results, sanctions and even financial penalties are potential consequences of Swedish inspections. To discuss the effects of inspections, we asked principals in three consecutive years about the impact of inspections. Our results indicate that school inspections in Austria and Sweden do have a small to medium impact on school improvement and school effectiveness.     

Psychopathology and Parenting Practices of Parents of Preschool Children with Behavior Problems

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated associations among different types of parental psychopathology and several specific parenting practices. DESIGN: Mothers (n = 182) and fathers (n = 126) of preschool-aged children with behavior problems completed questionnaires assessing parental psychopathology and parenting practices, and participated in observed parent-child interactions. RESULTS: Maternal depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and several different personality disorder traits were related to maternal negativity, laxness, and lack of warmth. Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, and borderline personality disorder symptoms predicted mothers' parenting practices, even when statistically controlling for other types of psychopathology. For fathers, those same symptoms, dependent and avoidant symptoms, and substance abuse symptoms were associated with self-reported lax parenting. Evidence emerged that psychopathology in one parent was associated with less overreactivity in the other parent. CONCLUSIONS: Many aspects of parents' psychological functioning play a role in determining specific parenting practices, including personality disorder symptoms.     

School decentralization as a process of differentiation,hierarchization and selection

The Austrian ‘school autonomy policy’, which allowed schools to develop specific ‘curricular profiles’, is taken as an example for discussing processes and effects of school decentralization policies. Data from school case studies (based on qualitative interviews and document analysis) are used to analyse and interpret the processes by which schools and teachers take up policy innovations and translate it into action and structures on school and classroom level. These policy changes and the resulting governance regimes are examined from a perspective on changing modes of ‘action coordination’ between actors on different levels of a school system and from an attention to processes of ‘re-contextualization’ in multi-level governance systems. The main result is that the Austrian decentralization policy – although not explicitly based on a market approach – boosted principles of competitive coordination between schools. In consequence, it resulted in processes of differentiation and hierarchization of schools and classes and offered new legitimatory and practical opportunities for student selection.     

Equity Traps Redux: Inequitable Access to Foreign Language Courses for African American High School Students

Although much of the current educational research literature on achievement gaps has focused on core curricular areas in public schools, few have focused on racially identifiable gaps in non-core areas such as high school foreign languages. These achievement, and thus advancement, gaps often result in the under-representation of students of color in higher level foreign language classes. This can have long-range negative consequences for students, such as lacking the foreign language credits needed for admission into major universities. Thus, in this qualitative study, we researched the perceptions of teachers, counselors, and school leaders at a racially diverse urban high school in central Texas concerning the enrollment, achievement, and advancement of African American students in high school foreign language courses. The results indicate that equity traps—deficit views, racial erasure, and paralogical beliefs and behaviors—advanced over a decade ago (McKenzie &; Scheurich, 2004 McKenzie, K. B., &; Scheurich, J. J. (2004). Equity traps: A useful construct for preparing principals to lead schools that are successful with racially diverse students. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(5), 601–632.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) are continuing and even thriving among teachers, counselors, and school leaders in public schools. These equity traps contribute to the foreign language achievement gap, resulting in diminished educational opportunities for African American students. Moreover, we propose that an additional equity trap is at play—organizational constraints—which are the structural obstacles that serve to abet and perpetuate the negative beliefs, behaviors, attitudes, and assumptions exposed in the original equity traps. We conclude this article with recommendations for policy makers and practitioners and offer direction for future research.