Predicting multicultural effectiveness of international students: the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire

The present study considered the reliability and validity of the 78-item revised version of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire, a multidimensional instrument aimed at measuring multicultural effectiveness of expatriate employees and students. The questionnaire includes scales for cultural empathy, open-mindedness, emotional stability, social initiative and flexibility. Participants were native and foreign students of an international business school (N=171) in the Netherlands. The MPQ scales appeared to be more strongly predictive of adjustment of international students as compared to native students. Moreover, the instrument was able to explain variance in students’ adjustment beyond self-efficacy.     

选用案例 加强教学

学校教育教学的主要途径是课堂教学，提高课堂教学效率的较好方法是有效选用教学案例。文章从教学案例的材料来源上，强调教学案例选用客观性；联系教学内容，讨论教学案例选用的适用性；依据学生的实际，阐述教学案例选用的针对性；依据教学过程，介绍教学案例有效的选用方法，提高教学案例在课堂教学中的有效性，从而达到提高课堂教学的效率。     

The Virtue Approach to Moral Education: Some Conceptual Clarifications

There is a lot of talking and writing on virtues and education nowadays. In spite of this, a clear and convincing account of the defining characteristics of the virtue approach to moral education is still lacking. This paper suggests and discusses three different definitions of such an approach. With reference to each definition it is examined whether the virtue approach can be distinguished from other main perspectives on moral education, in particular from the so-called cognitive-developmental approach (including the just community approach). It is argued that only the definition that refers to an ethics of virtue will have the required differentiating capacity. Consequently, only on the basis of this definition can the virtue approach be regarded as a qualitatively new development in research on moral education.     

>UNIVERSITIES,COLLEGES AND OTHERS: DIVERSITY OF STRUCTURES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION ‐ REPORT ON THE MULTILATERAL WORKSHOP

This report discusses the Workshop as a whole and reflects upon the points raised in the papers presented and the resulting discussions. First, the reasons for establishing non‐university higher education are presented and discussed, and then types of diversification, particularly vertical diversification, are examined. The most important questions raised, however, are those of how diversification is to be established and by what mechanisms it is to be controlled. The conclusions are mixed but stress that diversification should be undertaken very carefully and very democratically, care being taken both to recognize the value of the university tradition which has been evolving for centuries to avoid threats to flexibility and international recognition and mobility.     

Training and testing physical capacities for elite soccer players

Elite soccer players spend a substantial amount of time trying to improve physical capacities, including aerobic endurance and strength and the strength derivatives of speed and power. The average oxygen uptake for international soccer teams ranges from 55 to 68 ml.kg-1.min-1 and the half-squat maximal strength from 120 to 180 kg. These values are similar to those found in other team sports. Recently, it has been shown that the heart's stroke volume is the element in the oxygen chain that mainly limits aerobic endurance for athletes. These findings have given rise to more intensive training interventions to secure high stroke volumes, which, in turn, have proved positive in changing both maximal oxygen consumption and soccer performance in terms of distance covered, contacts with the ball and number of sprints in a game. The training employed has consisted of 4x4-min "intervals" running uphill at 90-95% of maximal heart rate interspersed with 3 min jogging at 70% of maximal heart rate to facilitate removal of lactate. Research has revealed that a soccer-specific training routine with the ball might be as effective as plain running. Strength training to produce neural adaptations has been effective in changing not only strength in terms of "one-repetition maximum", but also sprinting velocity and jumping height, in elite soccer players without any change in body mass. The same training has also improved running economy and thus aerobic endurance performance. The training regimen used for a European Champions League team was 4x4 repetitions of half-squats with the emphasis on maximal mobilization of force in the concentric action.