纸条检测法对第85窟壁画空鼓灌浆脱盐效果的评估

实验得出不损伤壁画的纸条检测法与壁画表面盐分含量的关系,并以此为根据,采用纸条法测定壁画表面盐分的含量状态,评价壁画空鼓灌浆后脱盐的效果.结果表明壁画空鼓灌浆所带人的水分激活了地仗中的盐分,使盐分运移并大量地富集到壁画的表面.保护笔的脱盐效果十分显著,纸条法测得保护笔脱盐后Cl-浓度降低约10个ppm,相当于保护笔脱盐可以减少了壁画表面地仗中所含1.6%的Cl-的量,即可以去除掉未灌浆区域壁画表面盐分的80%.实验证明纸条法可以应用于壁画脱盐效果的检验.     

Changing practice in Malaysian primary schools: learning from student teachers’ reports of using action,reflection and modelling (ARM)

Curricular and pedagogical reforms are complex inter-linked processes such that curricular reform can only be enacted through teachers teaching differently. This article reports the perspective of emergent Malaysian primary teachers who were expected to implement a Government reform that promoted active learning. The 120 student teachers were members of a single cohort completing a new B.Ed. degree programme in Primary Mathematics designed by teacher educators from Malaysia and the UK. They were taught to use a tripartite pedagogical framework involving action or active learning, supported in practice through reflection and modelling. Drawing on findings from surveys carried out with the student teachers at the end of their first and final placements this article examines evidence for the premise that the student teachers were teaching differently; illustrates how they reported using active learning strategies; and identifies factors that enabled and constrained pedagogic change in the primary classroom. The students’ accounts of using action, reflection and modelling are critiqued in order to learn about changing learning and teaching practice and to contribute to understanding teacher education and early teacher development. The students’ reports suggest diversity of understanding that emphasises the need to challenge assumptions when working internationally and within national and local cultures.     

Do oarsmen have asymmetries in the strength of their back and leg muscles?

The aim of this study was to establish whether asymmetry of the strength of the leg and trunk musculature is more prominent in rowers than in controls. Nineteen oarsmen and 20 male controls matched for age, height and body mass performed a series of isokinetic and isometric strength tests on an isokinetic dynamometer. These strength tests focused on the trunk and leg muscles. Comparisons of strength were made between and within groups for right and left symmetry patterns, hamstring :quadriceps ratios, and trunk flexor and extensor ratios. The results revealed no left and right asymmetries in either the knee extensor or flexor strength parameters (including both isometric and isokinetic measures). Knee extensor strength was significantly greater in the rowing population, but knee flexor strength was similar between the two groups. No difference was seen between the groups for the hamstring:quadriceps strength ratio. In the rowing population, stroke side had no influence on leg strength. No differences were observed in the isometric strength of the trunk flexors and extensors between groups, although EMG activity was significantly higher in the rowing population. Patterns of asymmetry of muscle activity were observed between the left and right erector spinae muscles during extension, which was significantly related to rowing side ( P < 0.01). These observations could be related to the high incidence of low back pain in oarsmen.     

Invigorating pedagogic change. Suggestions from findings of the development of secondary science teachers' practice and cognisance of the learning process

A long‐term, 2 year in‐service provision to develop pupils thinking capability was provided for 91 secondary schools during the period 1998–2002. The science teachers involved reported that the in‐service experience impacted on their pedagogic practice. The evidence was gathered through reflective surveys and interviews. The in‐service programme engaged the teachers in authentic learning activities. The findings suggest that engaging the teachers in actions or processes which are then transformed into conceptual (scientific and cognitive) objectives can influence their perception of learning. Through collective reflection of their active participation they objectified connections between learning processes and learning outcomes. The explicit reflections of the modelled experiences provided the opportunity for the teachers to empathize, as learners, with their pupils' learning situations. They were guided to reflect on how the nature of social interactions can impact on reasoning and meaning making. The reflective cognitive and learning objectivity of the in‐service programme appeared to influence their pedagogy in a variety of ways. The pedagogic changes included a significant increase in pragmatic interpretation and application of learning theories to classroom situations. Teaching strategies were also developed to include: proactive management of collaborative learning; a generally more interactive and dynamic way of learning through questioning; promotion of more prediction opportunities; encouragement of more reflection, in a variety of ways, on the processes by which potential or actual solutions to scientific tasks or challenges were reasoned. As a result of this study pedagogic principles to support learning and cognitive development in science and learning generally are proposed.

Une expérience continue à long terme sur une période de deux ans pour développer la capacité de réfléchir chez les élèves a été offerte à 91 collèges et lycées pendant la période entre 1998 et 2002. Les professeurs de sciences qui y étaient engagés ont déclaré que l'expérience continue a influé sur leur pratique pédagogique. Les preuves ont été réunies grâce aux enquêtes et aux interviews. L'expérience a engagé les professeurs dans des activités d'apprentissage authentiques. Les conclusions semblent indiquer qu'en engageant les professeurs dans des actions ou des procédés qu'on transforme ensuite en objectifs conceptuels (scientifiques et cognitifs) on peut influer sur leur perception de l'apprentissage. En réfléchissant collectivement à leur participation active, ils s'étaient engagés dans l'activité collective de faire de ce qu'on faisait auparavant l'objet de réflexion. Par suite de ces réflexions, les professeurs, en tant qu' apprenants, ont pu comprendre ce que ressentent leurs élèves dans les situations d'apprentissage. Ils ont été guidés à considérer l'effet des relations sociales sur le raisonnement et la compréhension. Il paraît que l'objectivité d'apprentissage cognitive et réflective a influé sur leur pédagogie à bien des égards. En ce qui concerne les changements pédagogiques, il y a eu une augmention significative de l'interprétation pragmatique et de l'application des théories d'apprentissage dans la salle de classe. Des stratégies pédagogiques ont également été développées qui comprennent une direction d'apprentissage qui fait preuve d'initiative; une façon d'apprendre en posant des questions qui est généralement plus interactive et dynamique; la promotion de plus de possibilitiés de prévision et l'encouragement à réfléchir plus à bien des égards sur les procédés qu'on utilise pour arriver aux solutions potentielles ou réelles des tâches et des défis scientifiques. L'impact de ces développements pédagogiques dans la salle de classe a été étudié mais on le présente ailleurs. Par suite de cette étude on propose des principes pédagogiques pour soutenir chez les élèves le développement cognitif et l'apprentissage des sciences et l'apprentissage en général.

Un estudio a largo plazo de dos años se llevó a cabo en 91 escuelas secundarias durante el periodo de 1998–2002, para desarrollar las capacidades de pensamiento de los alumnos. Los profesores de ciencia que participaron en el estudio informaron que la experiencia tuvo impacto en sus prácticas pedagógicas. La evidencia se obtuvo a través sondeos y entrevistas de reflexión. El estudio involucró a los profesores en experiencias auténticas de enseñanza. Los hallazgos sugieren que involucrar a los profesores en acciones o procesos los cuales luego son transformados en objetivos cognoscitivos (científicos o conceptuales), puede influenciar su percepción a cerca del aprendizaje. Las reflexiones explícitas de las experiencias modeladas proveyeron la oportunidad a los profesores de tener empatía, como estudiantes, con las situaciones de aprendizaje de sus alumnos. Ellos fueron guiados a reflexionar a cerca de cómo la naturaleza de las interacciones sociales puede tener impacto en el razonamiento y en el proceso de crear significado. La reflexión cognoscitiva y la objetividad del aprendizaje por parte de los profesores participante pareció influenciar sus métodos pedagógicos de varias formas. Los cambios pedagógicos incluyeron un aumento significativo en la interpretación pragmática y la aplicación de las teorías de enseñanza en las situaciones en la sala de clases. También se desarrollaron estrategias de enseñanza para la administración activa del aprendizaje en colaboración; una forma de aprendizaje a través de hacer preguntas que es generalmente más interactiva y dinámica; el promover más oportunidades para hacer predicciones y estimular más reflexión, de varias maneras, en los procesos por los cuales se razonan las soluciones actuales o potenciales para las tareas o retos científicos. Se estudió el impacto de estos desarrollos pedagógicos en el aprendizaje de los alumnos, pero son mencionados en otra parte. Como resultado de este estudio se proponen principios pedagógicos que apoyan la enseñanza y el desarrollo cognoscitivo en las ciencias y la enseñanza en general.

Zwischen 1998 und 2002 wurde an 91 amerikanischen Mittelstufenschulen ein zweijähriges Projekt durchgeführt, das dazu diente, die Fähigkeit zu selbständigem, wissenschaftlichem Denken der Schüler zu entwickeln und zu fördern. Die beteiligten Lehrer in den wissenschaftlichen Fächern berichteten, dass dieses Experiment ihre pädagogische Praxis beeinflusst hat. Dieses Ergebnis beruht auf der Auswertung von Fragebögen und Einzelgesprächen. Durch das Projekt wurden die Lehrer mit authentischen Lernprozessen konfrontiert. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Einbeziehung der Lehrer in Prozesse, die anschließend in konzeptionelle (wissenschaftliche und kognitive) Zielsetzungen umgewandelt werden konnten, ihre Vorstellung vom Lernprozess ändern kann. Durch die expliziten Reflektionen über die gewonnene Erfahrung wurde es den Lehrern ermöglicht, sich als Lernende mit den Lernsituationen ihrer Schüler zu identifizieren. Sie wurden angeregt, darüber nachzudenken, wie die Art sozialen Umgangs Einfluss auf Argumentation und Meinungsbildung haben kann. Die reflektive kognitive Objektivität des Experiments scheint die Pädagogik auf mehrere Arten zu beeinflussen. Pädagogische Änderungen erstreckten sich u.a. auf eine signifikante Zunahme der pragmatischen Interpretation und Anwendung von Lerntheorien auf Situationen im Klassenzimmer. Darüber hinaus wurden Lernstrategien entwickelt, um proaktives Management kollektiven Lernens, eine generell interaktivere und dynamischere Art des Lernens durch gezielte Fragen, eine Förderung von Vorhersagemöglichkeiten und Ermutigung zu mehr Reflektion auf verschiedene Arten einzuschließen. Die Auswirkungen dieser pädagogischen Entwicklungen auf das Lernverhalten von Schülern wurden untersucht und in einer separaten Studie veröffentlicht. Aufgrund dieser Studie werden pädagogische Prinzipien zur Unterstützung kognitiver Entwicklungen in Wissenschaft und Lehre vorgeschlagen.     

Smart girls traversing assemblages of gender and class in Australian secondary mathematics classrooms

I examine experiences of former Australian schoolgirls in relation to mathematics during secondary school. This research scrutinises misunderstandings about success and impact on subject choice that can result in post-schooling trajectories that limit what girls can do in their lives beyond school. I examine ways affective relationality, as a sense of embodied belonging, may influence participation in subjects. I frame the discussion using the Baradian concept of intra-action, a co-production that engages an ethic of non-coincidence. For these participants, a reductive high-stakes testing environment and aspirations to become a master subject evoke a powerful not good enough assemblage. The responsibility to achieve enough success incites a soliciting of a particular self in affective regulation. The dread of not excelling in mathematics was often too much to endure thus participants chose to discontinue studying mathematics. They understood this as a sensible solution to prevent vulnerability, as not good enough.     

Environmental Thinking in the Early Years: understanding and misunderstanding of concepts related to waste management

This paper provides an overview and discussion of a study of young children's knowledge and understanding of the management of waste materials. It describes a semi‐structured interview and discussion methodology used to ascertain details of children's knowledge and misconceptions about this key environmental issue. Interviews described are with 4 and 6‐year‐old children. The paper presents examples of data recording and analysis, and raises important implications of findings for teachers of children in their first 3 years in school. The study described forms a part of a larger international research project which focuses on acquisition of environmental subject knowledge and development of concern for the environment.     

Senior secondary school assessment and standard-setting in Queensland,Australia: social context and paradigmatic change

ABSTRACT

This article draws on three assessment paradigms – psychometrics, outcomes-based and curriculum-based assessment – to discuss paradigmatic changes in senior school assessment and achievement standard-setting in Queensland, Australia, over the last 50 years. These include radical reforms in 1970 from university-controlled examinations to school-based assessments applying normative standard-setting, to subsequent reforms in 1978 introducing competence(curriculum)-based assessment and standards. From 2019, a new reform introduces a combination of school-based and external assessment with procedures for establishing standards still in progress.

Changes to Queensland assessment and standard-setting are discussed in terms of three preconditions for paradigm change – dissatisfaction, an alternative acceptable paradigm, and majority acceptance of change. Influence of paradigmatic origins of reformers is discussed. The amalgam of curriculum-based assessment and psychometric paradigms in the new Queensland system is considered in terms of theoretical compatibility and potential impact on the new standards.