Orthographic knowledge: clarifications,challenges, and future directions

Orthographic knowledge is the understanding of how spoken language is represented in print. However, the terms used to describe the two levels of orthographic knowledge, lexical and sublexical orthographic knowledge, have been variably defined and inconsistently measured, potentially contributing to discrepancies in research findings. Dissimilarities in how orthographic knowledge has been operationally defined and measured and the associated differences in tasks used to assess that construct are discussed. As part of that discussion, we relate how some measures assess either implicit or more explicit levels of orthographic knowledge. Using current theories and the existing research, we next provide an argument for how initial development of sublexical orthographic knowledge occurs before lexical orthographic knowledge. Suggestions are provided for what researchers might do in the future to help move the field toward a better understanding of orthographic knowledge. Strategies for assessing orthographic knowledge in literacy research are offered.

     

浅论王廷相的认识论

王廷相在认识的来源上提出“合内外而一之” ,论证了一切认识都是主观对客观的反映 ;在认识的途径上 ,提出可分“见闻”和“思虑”两阶段 ,并阐述了两个阶段的区别和联系 ,反对“见闻”和“思虑”之外 ,别有所谓“德性之知” ;在知与行的关系上提出“知行兼举” ,强调实践的极端重要性 ,发展了古代朴素唯物主义认识论。当然 ,其认识论也有缺陷     

细胞膜系统的稳定性与植物抗寒性及酵母抗冻性的关系

研究了细胞膜系统在低温条件下的稳定性对于提高植物的抗寒能力的重要意叉，阐明了膜系统的稳定性与植物抗寒性、酵母抗冻性的密切关系，为抗寒剂的研制或相关方面的应用提供了理论基础。     

微柱法测定糖化血红蛋白方法的改进

目的 :建立一种在临床上比较实用的GHb的测定方法。方法 :将Bio -Rex70阳离子交换树脂溶液与溶血液充分振荡、混匀后 ,离心 ,测定上清液的吸光度值。结果 :变异系数 :,正常标本CV % =3、3% ;高值标本CV % =4、5 %。方法比较 ,与泰康公司微柱法试剂盒比较r=0 .94 ,密切相关。灵敏度 ,0 .0 1A相当于GHb为 0 .3%。结论 :经改进的微柱法 ,简便、快速 ,性能符合临床要求     

国家利益分析的建构主义视角

国家身份和利益是由国际社会中的政治文化建构的 ,这是以温特为代表的建构主义学派的基本观点。本文在温特基本理论假定的基础上 ,考察了规范建构国家利益的机制问题。一般说来 ,规范建构国家利益要经历规范起源、规范社会化和规范内化三个阶段。当然 ,规范能否成功实现国家利益的建构 ,还需要具备一定条件     

关于USB信号及其光纤传输电路分析

对USB信号以及一种通过光纤传输USB（通用串行总线）信号的电路作了较详细的分析.此电路将USB信号D＋,D-的三种状态转换为发射激光的三种强度全亮、半亮、暗,并且通过光纤传输到对方激光接收器,再通过相应电路恢复D＋,D-的三种状态.激光接收器电路的输出信号之一触发单稳延时电路来控制D＋,D-与激光发射电路、激光接收电路的通与断,以此实现USB信号的光纤传输.     

Parent Surveys for Teacher Evaluation

Parent or guardian perceptions play a specialized role in the evaluation of school teachers. Parents are important stakeholders in teacher success, they are in some instances partners in the teachers' work, parents have unique personal information about student learning, and they can report on the teacher duties to inform parents about the classroom and child progress. This study analyzed the responses of parents to 12 survey items concerning teacher performance in 201 classrooms. The surveys were used as part of an innovative teacher evaluation program in which teachers elected to include parent feedback as one objective data source for annual review. In this study three factors emerged as important concerns for parents: humane treatment of students, support for pupil learning, and effective communication and collaboration with parents. Recommendations for use of specific survey items can be based on the empirical results of this sampling. The data gathered by parent surveys define one dimension of quality which may vary in importance from one teacher to another.     

如何培养演绎推理能力

结合演绎推理研究的成果,提出了在学校教育中培养演绎推理能力的途径:根据儿童的年龄特点培养儿童演绎推理的能力;创设有利的教学条件,提高学生演绎推理能力;完善教学内容,促进学生演绎推理能力的发展.     

Distributed leadership for personalized learning

Abstract

Personalized learning refers to a collection of practices designed to place student interests and needs at the heart of schooling. Schools that implement personalized learning need leaders that support educators and students in redesigning the core practices of teaching and learning in K-12 schools. To answer the question of how leaders support this redesign, we use distributed leadership theory to focus on the macrotasks and microtasks that leaders enact to create the conditions for personalized learning practices. Drawing on a five-year, qualitative study of 11 personalized learning programs in the Midwest, we identify three macrotasks supporting personalized learning: reorganizing learning environments to support student voice and choice, assembling idiosyncratic technology ecosystems to distribute teaching and learning tasks, and redesigning instructional time to prioritize student’s interests, agency, and learning relationships. After we describe a number of microtasks associated with each macrotask, we discuss how a consideration of these kinds of leadership tasks can open the contemporary discussion of personalized learning from a narrow focus on learning technologies to an expansive vision of student-centered school reform.