Pedagogical constraints of physical literacy based on cognitive load theory

PROSPECTS - While numerous studies have highlighted the benefits of physical activity on cognitive health, learning, and executive function, maintaining physical activity throughout one’s...     

General population norms about child abuse and neglect and associations with childhood experiences

BACKGROUND: A variety of definitions of child abuse and neglect exist. However, little is known about norms in the general population as to what constitutes child abuse and neglect or how perceived norms may be related to personal experiences. METHODS: We conducted a random-digit-dialed telephone survey of 504 Washington State adults. Respondents were asked whether they believed each of 34 behaviors, identified in focus groups as possibly physically, sexually or emotionally abusive or neglectful, constituted abuse or neglect. Then, they were asked whether they had experienced 33 of the behaviors. RESULTS: Five of the six behaviors with the highest levels of consensus were for sexual abuse, whereas only one emotionally abusive behavior had a high level of consensus (95% agreement). Consensus that spanking constituted abuse increased with severity. Those respondents who reported experiencing a particular behavior were significantly less likely to believe the behavior abusive for 11 of the 33 behaviors and more likely to believe the behavior abusive for two of the behaviors. Where comparisons were possible, there was a high level of consensus that behaviors identified as abusive in Child Protective Service operational definitions constituted abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported childhood experiences were associated with perceived norms about child abuse. A better understanding of community norms about child abuse and neglect may be helpful in communicating with the public or allow for better targeting of educational messages through the media, parenting education classes, and so forth.     

“人的全面发展”内涵新析

把握“人的全面发展”内涵的实质,应确立两个理论前提:第一,“人的全面发展”在很大程度上是一种理想、一种追求、一种社会和人生的信念;第二,“人的全面发展”是一个相对的概念,而不具有绝对的意义。同时,“人的全面发展”还应包含四个层面的内涵,即完整发展、和谐发展、多方面发展、自由发展。     

课程改革与教学模式转变

新一轮基础教育课程改革以空前的力度和崭新的面貌令世人关注,要实现课程改革的预期目标,关键在于教学模式的转变。现行教学模式必须从教师本位向学生本位转变,从独白式教学向对话式教学转变,从封闭式向开放式转变,从传递接受式教学向以引导探究为主要特征的多样化教学转变。     

Persistence of Attitudes and Values of NDEA Students-Two Years Post Institute

Eighty-two students who had been enrolled in year-long NDEA Counseling and Guidance Institutes were followed up for a two-year period concerning attitudes and values. Subjects were administered the Porter Test of Counselor Attitudes and the Study of Values. Students attitudes and values similar to those present at the onset of their program and similar to those present after they had been away from their program one year. Some differences were noted concerning end-of-institute responses. Changes occuring during the programs appear minimal. Since there were no differences indicated between the one- and two-year follow-up, one year might be a sufficient period for this type of investigation.