How does intellectual property law affect the value creation process and strategies of database companies?

Abstract

This study demonstrates how changes in intellectual property law have effects on the value‐creation process of information commodity and related strategies. To explain these effects, three unique economic characteristics of databases as information are focused on: public good, information good, and aggregate good. And, different strategies such as versioning, technical strategies, and limiting the number of consumers and data mingling have been suggested for each characteristic. To examine the value‐création process of databases, a three‐step process has shown: data gathering, selection/arrangement, and presentation.

In the legal process, two main rationales, ‘sweat of the brow doctrine’ and ‘originality doctrine’ have suggested protecting database compilations. The ‘sweat of the brow doctrine’ stresses the effort and investment of the compiler. On the contrary, the ‘originality doctrine’ emphasizes the judgment and creativity in the selection and arrangement of the materials comprising the compilation.     

Food policy in cyberspace: A webometric analysis of national food clusters in South Korea

This study analyzes the Triple Helix (TH) structure of an online national food cluster. Although the university–industry–government (UIG) approach provides useful insights into innovation and its diffusion, few studies have examined how such systems are organized and operate in cyberspace. Foodpolis is an export-oriented national food cluster targeting markets in Northeast Asia, including China and Japan. Foodpolis encompasses national food industry complexes and government-led agricultural and food R&D institutes whose goal is to advance food-processing technologies. This study employs the webometric analysis method to reveal the communication pattern of interactions between participating actors. The study evaluates web mentions and hyperlink networks to investigate links to and from the website of Foodpolis (Foodpolis.kr) by using the NodeXL software package. The results for links to and from Foodpolis do not indicate sufficient interactions between UIG websites and Twitter accounts. Instead, the website and Twitter account of Foodpolis were linked to its own online café, websites of individuals, and government websites. The results suggest that UIG actors should employ online communication channels in a more proactive manner for diffusing innovative initiatives such as Foodpolis.     

中古汉语否定副词"莫"的历史演变及其动因

否定副词"莫"从上古发展到中古,在功能上发生了调整:魏晋南北朝时期否定副词"莫"用例明显增加,不仅可以用来表示一般否定,而且可以表示禁止否定.这一调整是内外因相互作用的结果. "莫"之所以能够发展成为否定副词,最根本的原因就是由于无定代词"莫"具备了转化成为否定副词的内在因素:语义上,无定代词"莫"意为"没有谁"或"没有什么"; "莫"的句法位置有可能引起重新分析;副词的修饰限制作用进一步促进了否定词"莫"的产生.     

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Negative Life Events From Late Childhood to Adolescence

This multiwave longitudinal study tested two quantitative genetic developmental models to examine genetic and environmental influences on exposure to negative dependent and independent life events. Participants (N = 457 twin pairs) completed measures of life events annually from ages 9 to 16. The same genetic factors influenced exposure to dependent events across time and increased in magnitude during the transition to adolescence. Independent events were less genetically influenced than dependent events in boys, but not girls. Shared environmental influences decreased in magnitude as youth transitioned into adolescence. Nonshared environmental influences were mostly age specific and contributed significantly to both types of events at all ages. Results provide theoretical implications for developmental risk pathways to stress exposure and stress‐related psychopathology.     

The Effect of Online Media Platforms on Joining Causes: The Impression Management Perspective

Drawing on the impression management theory, this study examined the effect of online media platforms, social network sites (SNSs) versus non-SNSs, on the intention to join a cause. The online experimental study discovered that the SNS was more effective in increasing the intention to join a cause than the non-SNS. The findings also demonstrated the mediating role of the perceived visibility of joining the cause and the moderating role of public self-consciousness on this effect. Further, self-cause image congruence positively influenced the intention to join the cause, while it did not moderate the effect of online media platforms.     

Functions of Social Gatherings Involving Alcohol Consumption with Coworkers in Korea

Focusing on alcohol-involved social gatherings (i.e. drinking parties), the current study examined the reasons for and outcomes of joining drinking parties and evaluations of them. In studies 1 and 2, Korean workers (n=87) employed in the civil engineering industry and undergraduates (n=103) from various engineering majors provided desirable and undesirable reasons for and outcomes of joining drinking parties with their colleagues (coworkers for working adults and school friends for undergraduates). In studies 3 and 4, Korean workers (n=102) and undergraduates (n=89) evaluated each of the outcomes as either social, personal, or both. In study 5, Korean workers (n=108) and undergraduates (n=111) evaluated how good or bad each outcome type would be. Findings showed that among the five types of the drinking party participation outcomes, the conversation category and the work-/school-life category were the ones for which working adults and undergraduates had similar evaluations. For the group, the hierarchical relationship, and the drinking categories, however, working adults and undergraduates had different evaluations. These and other findings are presented in detail, and the implications thereof are discussed.     

Attention cycles and the H1N1 pandemic: a cross-national study of US and Korean newspaper coverage

This study analyzes US and South Korean news coverage of the H1N1 pandemic to examine cross-cultural variations in attention cycle patterns, cited sources, and news frames. A content analysis was conducted on 630 articles from US and Korean newspapers during the period of April to October 2009. It found that attention cycle patterns, news frames, and sources varied across the two countries according to professional norms, cultural values, social ideologies, and occurrences of relevant events. While US news coverage showed two phases of waxing and waning attention, Korean news coverage showed five phases. The frames used in US news stories placed more emphasis on attribution of responsibility, action, and reassurance. Other framing variations were found as news attention in each country rose and fell. Regarding sources used, Korean news stories relied more on governmental sources, while US news stories used a greater diversity of sources. This study advances research on variations in the attention cycle for transnational issues by specifying how journalists’ framing of social problems can differ according to the following: cultural factors, the shape of the news attention cycle, and the occurrence of events related to the issue at hand.     

Cascading effects of Chinese American parents' COVID-19 racial discrimination and racial socialization on adolescents' adjustment

Using a three-wave longitudinal sample of 108 Chinese American parent-adolescent dyads (M_parent-ageW1 = 45.44 years, 17% fathers; M_{adolescent-ageW1} = 13.34 years, 50% boys), this study examined the effects of parents' COVID-19-related racial discrimination experiences on adolescents' ethnic identity exploration and anxiety as mediated by parents' awareness of discrimination (AOD) socialization and moderated by parents' anxiety and racial socialization competency (RSC). Parents' racial discrimination experiences in 2020 predicted adolescents' greater ethnic identity exploration or greater anxiety in 2022 via parents' greater use of AOD in 2021, depending on the levels of parents' anxiety and RSC. These findings highlighted individual and contextual factors impacting racial socialization processes in Chinese American families.