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This research examined whether prospective teachers’ emotion regulation styles, dispositional empathy, and conceptions of competent student emotion and behavior were predictive of their attitudes about bullying and proposed responses to peer conflict. Overall, participants perceived physical bullying as more serious than verbal and relational bullying. Prospective teachers also expressed higher levels of sympathy for victims and a greater likelihood of intervention in response to physical bullying. Regression analyses demonstrated that valuing emotional competence and the role of teachers in supporting its development were meaningfully associated with expressed support for victims and with proposed responses to the perpetrators of this type of classroom aggression. Interestingly, those respondents who reported higher levels of situationally specific sympathy for victims (and not dispositional empathy) also reported that they would be more likely than their counterparts to intervene on their behalf. The emotional reactivity component of dispositional empathy was, however, positively associated with regulated responses to peer conflict involving a difficult child. The emotion regulation variables, although associated with the outcome measures in correlational analyses, were not unique predictors of prospective teachers’ bullying attitudes. 相似文献
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Thomas G. Raslear Richard A. Bauman Steven R. Hursh David Shurtleff Laurence Simmons 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(3):330-339
A method for determining the relationship between food consumption and the price of food (demand function) in behavioral economic experiments is described. Although previous methods have generally required as long as 40 days, the present method can generate a complete demand function within 7 days, and therefore may be more suitable for use in the evaluation of drugs, toxins, and physiological/anatomical interventions. Moreover, measures of circadian rhythmicity, post-reinforcement pause durations, and interresponse times can also be generated. Three experiments tested the stability of the method in a variety of procedural manipulations: repeated exposure to the procedure, increasing versus random daily food price, and size of daily changes in food price. The procedure generated demand functions that were similar to those that require more extended testing, and the demand functions were not generally affected by procedural manipulations. Body weight, which can also affect consumption, generally decreases with increases in the price of food; so this variable should be recorded and used as a covariate in analyzing demand functions. With the exception of circadian rhythmicity, the other measures were stable across procedural variations and showed expected changes as a function of food price: postreinforcement pause durations increased as price increased, but interresponse times did not. 相似文献
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Patterns of Competence and Adjustment among Adolescents from Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful Families 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
Susie D. Lamborn Nina S. Mounts Laurence Steinberg Sanford M. Dornbusch 《Child development》1991,62(5):1049-1065
In order to test Maccoby and Martin's revision of Baumrind's conceptual framework, the families of approximately 4,100 14-18-year-olds were classified into 1 of 4 groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful) on the basis of the adolescents' ratings of their parents on 2 dimensions: acceptance/involvement and strictness/supervision. The youngsters were then contrasted along 4 sets of outcomes: psychosocial development, school achievement, internalized distress, and problem behavior. Results indicate that adolescents who characterize their parents as authoritative score highest on measures of psychosocial competence and lowest on measures of psychological and behavioral dysfunction; the reverse is true for adolescents who describe their parents as neglectful. Adolescents whose parents are characterized as authoritarian score reasonably well on measures indexing obedience and conformity to the standards of adults but have relatively poorer self-conceptions than other youngsters. In contrast, adolescents from indulgent homes evidence a strong sense of self-confidence but report a higher frequency of substance abuse and school misconduct and are less engaged in school. The results provide support for Maccoby and Martin's framework and indicate the need to distinguish between two types of "permissive" families: those that are indulgent and those that are neglectful. 相似文献
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Neonatal guinea pigs were given escapable, inescapable, or no shock and were later tested as adults on a signaled escape/avoidance task. During the neonatal period, the animals that could escape shock learned to do so quickly and steadily increased their overall level of activity, while those that could not, displayed a consistent decline in activity. Furthermore, during adult escape/avoidance sessions, guinea pigs, that could control neonatal shock were superior to those that lacked such control. These findings extend the generality of the interference effect to the guinea pig and highlight the influence of early control of aversive events on this phenomenon. 相似文献
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Puberty Predicts Approach But Not Avoidance on the Iowa Gambling Task in a Multinational Sample
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Grace Icenogle Laurence Steinberg Thomas M. Olino Elizabeth P. Shulman Jason Chein Liane P. Alampay Suha M. Al‐Hassan Hanan M. S. Takash Dario Bacchini Lei Chang Nandita Chaudhary Laura Di Giunta Kenneth A. Dodge Kostas A. Fanti Jennifer E. Lansford Patrick S. Malone Paul Oburu Concetta Pastorelli Ann T. Skinner Emma Sorbring Sombat Tapanya Liliana M. Uribe Tirado 《Child development》2017,88(5):1598-1614
According to the dual systems model of adolescent risk taking, sensation seeking and impulse control follow different developmental trajectories across adolescence and are governed by two different brain systems. The authors tested whether different underlying processes also drive age differences in reward approach and cost avoidance. Using a modified Iowa Gambling Task in a multinational, cross‐sectional sample of 3,234 adolescents (ages 9–17; M = 12.87, SD = 2.36), pubertal maturation, but not age, predicted reward approach, mediated through higher sensation seeking. In contrast, age, but not pubertal maturation, predicted increased cost avoidance, mediated through greater impulse control. These findings add to evidence that adolescent behavior is best understood as the product of two interacting, but independently developing, brain systems. 相似文献