Learned predictiveness effects following single-cue training in humans

The results of several recent studies of human associative learning indicate that people will learn more rapidly about cues that have previously been experienced as predictive of events of significance, as compared with cues previously experienced as nonpredictive. Notably, however, these experiments have typically established this prior predictiveness by means of pretraining with multiple, simultaneously presented cues, some of which are more predictive than others. The present experiments instead investigated the influence of prior predictiveness on future learning when this predictiveness was established via pretraining with individual cues, each of which was the best available predictor of the outcome with which it was paired. Results indicate that, following this pretraining, human participants again show better learning about previously predictive cues than about previously nonpredictive cues.     

第七届农运会对我国新农村体育发展的影响分析

在简要阐述举办农运会意义的基础上,针对当前我国农村体育发展过程中存在的问题,着重分析了农运会对我国新农村体育发展的影响。指出举办农运会将有利于改变农民的体育消费观念,有利于群众体育的进一步普及,有利于进一步强化以人为本的农村体育发展理念。     

高等教育物业管理专业理论课教学内容整体构建研究

本文通过回顾物业管理研究理论,分析了物业管理知识体系与理论教学知识模块,为系统构建高等教育物业管理专业理论课程教学内容体系提出建议。     

德国与美国刑事证据排除规则衍生史及制度构型比较研究

德国证据使用禁止理论与美国非法证据排除规则作为当代世界两大法系主要法治国家在刑事证据排除规则方面的两种代表性理论,在两国的立法和司法实践方面都具有丰富的内涵并按照不同的原则形成了各自的例外。这种"原则加例外"的法律实践模式对于其他法治国家而言具有典型的"范式"意义,这种范式只有在切合各国法律传统和具体国情的基本框架内构建各自的刑事证据排除规则,才能从制度上保障刑事诉讼程序的公正高效运行。     

Attentional Patterns Involved in Coping Strategies in a Sport Context

We investigated the relationship between coping strategies and attentional bias after a sport competition. We administered the Ways of Coping Checklist (Paulhan, Nuissier, Quintard, Cousson, & Bourgeois, 1994) to 145 athletes immediately after they had participated in a sport competition. We also assessed attentional bias using a dot probe detection task. Results revealed that emotion-focused coping strategies led athletes to orient their attention away from threat, whereas athletes who adopted problem-focused coping strategies focused their attention toward threat. More precisely, problem-focused coping strategies are related to a facilitated detection of threat, not to disengagement difficulties. The vigilance attentional bias seems to be a compensatory strategy to cope with a stressful situation, such as sport competition.     

Quantifying the nature of anticipation in professional tennis

Abstract

We quantify the nature and frequency of anticipation behaviours in professional tennis using video coding of incidents where the time delay between the opponent's stroke and the reaction of the player were recorded. We argue that anticipation is based on uncertain information and should lead in some situations to erroneous decisions. We identified the transition between reaction (with 100% accuracy in the selection of where the ball is played on the court) and anticipation (with less than 100% accuracy) as being 140–160 ms after ball contact. Anticipation behaviours occurred on between 6.14% and 13.42% of the coded situations. These anticipation behaviours appeared almost exclusively in ‘unfavourable’ situations, where the opponent had a significant tactical advantage, with the type of playing surface having only a limited effect. Moreover, the decrease in accuracy with shorter response times is not monotonic, with an increase in response accuracy being observed for times shorter than 120 ms before ball contact. We propose that very early anticipation behaviours occur when players use significant context-specific information before the opponent's stroke. When such information is not available, players produce anticipation behaviours that are closer to the moment of ball–racket contact using information that is more likely to be based on the opponent's preparation of the stroke. This study opens new directions for research focusing on the testing and training of anticipation in fast ball sports.     

高职院校孤儿学生管理的困境及对策

作为一所民政部主管的高职院校,从2009年开始学院迎来了一批来自全国的孤儿,通过成人高考接受高职教育,学校称这个班级为“励志班”。本文从学生管理工作这一角度．认识励志班在管理过程中融入、个别化管理、发展需要方面存在困境,并提出应对策略,为今后高职院校孤儿教育工作提供参考意见。     

女大学生体质现状及体育行为研究——以长三角地区为例

采用调查、访谈及统计学等方法,对长三角地区女大学生的体质现状及体育行为机制进行调研.结果显示：女大学生的体质状况令人堪忧,她们的体育需要和动机具有多样性、多向性、多层次性特征,行为目标的偏倚,消费意识的淡漠,行为结构的不良,行为内容的受限等特征,导致大多数女大学生不符合体育人口的标准.建议：科学引导体育认知,培养良性体育需要,激发健康锻炼动机,规划科学体育行为,充实行为空间环境.     

高校辅导员职业守则内化的保障机制

高校辅导员职业守则是高校辅导员贯彻落实职业道德规范要求具体化、规范化的职业行为准则,是高校辅导员在开展职业活动时应该始终遵循的行为标准。完善高校辅导员职业守则内化的保障机制,可以通过去行政化管理、物质利益保障、专业成长支持等手段促进辅导员主体性的激发,通过强化职业守则认知、构建管理体系、规范监督检查等手段加强辅导员职业守则内化的外在保障,通过突出自我教育、增强职业认同、完善激励制度等手段加强辅导员职业守则内化的内在保障。     

‘Sexual violence is not good for our country's development’. Students’ interpretations of sexual violence in a secondary school in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

It has been increasingly recognised that sexual violence in schools is one of the major concerns with regard to promoting sexual and reproductive health and rights. This paper examines how boys and girls define, experience, and interpret sexual violence in a secondary school in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and considers from their perspectives, how sexual violence can be addressed effectively in formal educational settings. Fifteen in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions revealed how these views can be strikingly different for boys and girls: boys sharing a theoretical and instrumental view on sexual violence, as opposed to girls’ emotional views based on their experiences. This major difference in understanding complicates teaching about sexuality, and leaves room for sexual violence to remain tolerated in schools. Nevertheless, all students express the need to learn openly about sexuality, and particularly to reflect on the contradicting messages they receive from their environment.