The Best and the Worst

Faculty workload is based on the amount of time spent on teaching, research, and service. The workload varies according to institutional focus, teaching field, type of course, course level, and instructional format. Compared with traditional face-to-face courses, online courses require a disproportionate investment of time and effort by faculty, necessitating special consideration when calculating faculty workload. The authors examine the workload for faculty teaching online courses in community colleges, specifically, the number of online classes taught per semester, class sizes for online courses, incentives for online instructors and how the workload for online instructors is calculated. Results indicate inconsistent practices within and between institutions; the workload for online instructors based on class sizes is less than, equal to, or more than that of faculty teaching face-to-face courses. Further investigations into common practices at other institutions and dialogue between administrators and faculty to discuss workload issues are recommended.     

Channel use,channel choices and organizational life cycle stages

This study found empirical support for the proposition that channel use and channel choice of face‐to‐face, group, memo, organizational and external media differ in organizations in the birth, growth, maturity, revival and decline stages of the organizational life cycle.     

The advocates of pre‐ciceronian Rome: Cicero's standard for forensic oratory

Despite the impact of Roman advocates on such individuals as Cicero, information on those speakers who shaped the focus and standards for Latin rhetoric is virtually unknown. This study investigates both the extant fragments of these early orators and the commentary of their only real contemporarv critic. Cicero. An examination of this evidence is designed to meet a twofold need of a period which is a dark age in the history of rhetoric: first, an analysis of information on the orators who preceded Cicero; and second, a synthesis of findings which will provide insight into Cicero's standard for forensic oratory.     

Understanding adopters of audio information innovations

The use of two phone‐based audio innovations—audiotext audio information services and fax—was assessed in a probability survey of urban respondents. Support was found for the notion that social indicators are less important in the prediction of innovation use than are attitudinal and communication variables. Findings are interpreted in light of diffusion of innovation theory and research on the adoption of new technologies.     

Science teachers as metascientists: an inductive–deductive dialectic immersion in northern alpine field ecology

Efforts to promote more realistic conceptions about science are often limited by teachers’ inexperience in this domain. In this paper, we describe an ‘inductive–deductive, dialectic immersion’ approach towards assisting teachers in developing more realistic conceptions about science — along with corresponding revised perspectives about science teaching. Three secondary teachers of science with minimal science research experience engaged in a case study of science in action — specifically, in an episode of northern alpine ecological field research. Qualitative data analyzed by constant comparative methods suggested that these teachers shifted along a modernist through postmodernist continuum — as indicated by increased support for a more Naturalist epistemology of science, a more Antirealist ontology of science, and corresponding priorities towards science teaching and learning. Results suggest that teachers of science can develop postmodern views about science and science teaching if given opportunities to induce and deduce propositions about science in realistic cases of science in action.     

运动和疾病中的肠液体吸收

前言 ２０世纪５０年代以来，人们发现肠里葡萄糖的存在促进钠的转运（Ｒｉｋｌｉｓ＆Ｑｕａｓｔｒｅｌ，１９５８），这个里程碑式的发现引发口服补水溶液配方的产生。为满足水、碳水化合物和电解质最大限度的吸收，精确配制这些溶液的问题激起了相当多的科学研究和讨论。 口服补水溶液一直是由葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、多精、谷物淀粉或由这些糖混合，并添加不同种类的电解质（如钢、氯、钾、柠檬酸盐、碳酸氢盐），而配制成低渗至高渗的溶液。这些溶液在十二指肠空肠、回肠和结肠的吸收。已在兔子、鼠、狗、猫和人身上得到了测试。 大多数的…     

COMPARING QUALITY IN EUROPE

As higher education begins to operate increasingly in a European framework, consequences for the assurance of quality in higher education are bound to become evident. A pilot study to develop a methodology for the comparison of quality across different higher education systems is described. The project involved comparison of ten study programmes in economics in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. A design derived from general considerations about the concept of quality and about the nature of higher education and different systems incorporated two stages. First was the collection of information and the processing of this information into manageable data sets; second was the assessment of the information by way of peer review. The proceedings and principal findings of both stages followed the overview of the project design. The article concludes by highlighting some implications of this pilot project for the future of quality assurance in higher education on a European scale.