Is it defensible for women to play fewer sets than men in grand slam tennis?

Lacking in the philosophy of sport is discussion of the gendered numbers of sets played in Grand Slam tennis. We argue that the practice is indefensible. It can be upheld only through false beliefs about women or repressive femininity ideals. It treats male tennis players unfairly in forcing them to play more sets because of their sex. Its ideological consequences are pernicious, since it reinforces the respective identifications of the female and male with physical limitation and heroism. Both sexes have compelling reason to reject the practice.     

Identifying talented track and field athletes: The impact of relative age effect on selection to the Spanish National Athletics Federation training camps

This study examined the impact of relative age effect (RAE) on selection to the Spanish National Athletics Federation (RFEA) training camps (TC) between 2006 and 2013. Overall, 1,334 selected athletes at U15 years (cadet) and U17 years (juvenile) were compared against 27,711 licensed but unselected athletes for the same age groups. The results highlighted the influential role of the RAE on selection to national level track and field training camp opportunities. Interestingly, this effect was mediated by age and gender, where effects were stronger for both males and younger athletes (U15), with no evidence of RAE for older (U17) female athletes. These results support the “maturation-selection” hypothesis as a mechanism for RAE. Particularly given the long-term goals of RFEA (e.g., production of successful senior elite athletes), these results highlight the need to consider the impact of current selection processes on effective provision of opportunities to those athletes with most potential to succeed in the long term. A number of possible context-relevant solutions are discussed, including education and awareness raising, using holistic selection criteria and correction adjustments techniques.     

Reliability of 5-km Running Performance in a Competitive Environment

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of a 5-km time-trial during a competitive outdoor running event. Fifteen endurance runners (age = 29.5 ± 4.3 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.08 m, body mass = 71.0 ± 7.1 kg, 5-km lifetime personal best = 19:13 ± 1:13 minutes) completed two competitive 5-km time-trials over 2 weeks. No systematic differences in run time between Trial 1 and Trial 2 were reported (Trial 1: 1,217 ± 85 sec, 95% CI [1,170, 1,264]; and Trial 2: 1,216 ± 79 sec, [1,172 to 1,260], p = .855). Absolute reliability, expressed as the typical error (TE; 14.7 sec, 95% CI = 11.3–21.4 sec) and coefficient of variation (CV; 0.95 ± 0.65%, [0.59–1.31]) confirms the reliability of 5-km running performance in a competitive time trial.     

Bringing Science to Life Through Community-Based Watershed Education

Four elements of successful student-scientist partnerships (SSPs) have been identified through experience in a wide variety of educational settings. SSPs should: use an inquiry-based approach to education; be built around authentic, community-based investigations; let students be scientists; and allow scientists to be educators. Each element is discussed and illuminated with examples from case studies of watershed education programs that are based on an interdisciplinary, action-oriented watershed education model developed by the Global Rivers Environmental Education Network (GREEN).     

Asynchronous discussion forum design to support cognition: effects of rubrics and instructor prompts on learner’s critical thinking,achievement, and satisfaction

Educational technology research and development - The purpose of this study was to test the effects of two metacognitive scaffolds on learners’ cognition by evaluating student critical...     

基于贝叶斯网络的网络舆情案例匹配模型

[目的]通过研究当下网络环境的具体情境,利用概率分析的方式判断具体舆情所属的案例类型,从而为网络舆情危机响应决策提供依据。[方法]使用贝叶斯网络模型作为分析方法,构建网络舆情案例匹配的指标体系和案例匹配模型。[结果]通过48个网络舆情危机中的随机43个事件作为训练数据,构建贝叶斯网络模型,使用剩余5个网络舆情危机事件作为测试组,经检验测试样本案例匹配结果与事实相符。[结论]本文通过构建网络舆情案例匹配的相关指标体系和贝叶斯网络模型,为对网络舆情进行分型,从而为舆情危机响应提供了决策依据。