奥林匹克运动的初创--第一届现代奥林匹克运动会台前幕后

现代奥林匹克运动走过一个多世纪的坎坷历程,终于于2004年重返故里,引发了人们无限的怀念与遐想。怀着这份心情,让我们重新找寻一下往日那些依稀而沧桑的记忆。一、顾拜旦的良苦用心皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦认为:“只有在全世界的共同参与下,现代奥林匹克运动才能开创成功的发展道路”。1891年,美国竞赛者参加完巴黎比赛,随即在许多报刊、杂志、文章及演说中引起一系列热烈的反响,从此更加深了顾拜旦对上述观点的确信无疑。他声称:“如果德国考古学家能挖掘出古代奥林匹亚遗迹,法国将重建奥林匹亚辉煌。”1892年,顾拜旦在巴黎大学演讲时,进一步重…     

The Relationship Between Approaches to Learning and Reflection Upon Practice

This study examined the association between students' approaches to learning and stages of reflective thinking. The revised version of the Study Process Questionnaire was used to measure deep and surface approaches to learning and the Reflection Questionnaire was used to distinguish four stages of reflective and nonreflective thinking. Both questionnaires were completed by 402 undergraduates from all years of study from a health science faculty in a university in Hong Kong. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test possible associations. The results showed that only the habitual action scale correlated significantly to surface approach to learning. Understanding, reflection and critical reflection correlated with deep approach but had no correlation to surface approach. Understanding, reflection and critical reflection correspond to the use of a deep approach with increasing levels of meaningful personal assimilation. These findings provide evidence of close association between approaches to learning and stages of reflection upon practice. The results also provide evidence for the convergent validity of both questionnaires.     

The Relationship Between Client Reluctance and Counseling Effectiveness

The effect of client reluctance, resistance to professional assistance, has received little attention in the research on counseling effectiveness. In a short-term college counseling situation, it was found that intake measures of client-reluctance were: (a) negatively correlated with client-perceived satisfaction and improvement, (b) negatively related to degree of congruence between perceived problem and perceived emphasis of the agency, and (c) positively correlated with premature termination in counseling. No differences were found between vocational and personal problem groups on measures of client reluctance, satisfaction, or improvement. Client reluctance was shown to be directly related to counseling outcome. Implications for these findings on counselor education and training are discussed.     

THE CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF STANDARDIZED ACHIEVEMENT TESTS BY CONTENT AREA USING TEACHERS' RATINGS AS CRITERIA

To assess the concurrent validity of standardized achievement tests using teachers' ratings (and rankings) of pupils' academic achievement as criteria, 42 teachers evaluated each of their students (n = 1,032) in each of five major curricular areas prior to the administration of a battery of standardized achievement tests. The teachers were directed to rate each student's proficiency disregarding attendance, attitude, deportment, and so on. Within-class correlation coefficients were computed to eliminate rater leniency bias. The standardized achievement tests were found to have substantial concurrent validity in reading, math, language arts, science, and social studies. The normalized teacher ranks yielded significantly higher validity coefficients than did the ratings, although the magnitude of the difference was small. The concurrent validity coefficients for language arts, reading, and math were significantly higher than those in science and social studies.     

Consultation Training in Master's Level Counselor Education Programs

The purpose of this research was to update and extend the survey of training practices conducted by Splete and Bernstein (1981). More counselor education programs are offering individual courses in consultation to their master's students, but the preferred method of delivering consultation coursework still seems to be integrating it into other courses. Little consensus was found among program administrators regarding topics covered in didactic experiences. The majority of the respondents reported offering some fieldwork in consultation, either as a requirement or as an elective.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books Reviewed in this Article: Statistics For Biologists. School Census and Resource Pack. Statistics Concepts and Controversies. A Question in Dispute. The Design of Experiments: Statistical principles of practical application.     

The Great Therapists Program: Computerized Learning of Counseling Theories

The authors examine the effectiveness and subjective enjoyment of a computer-assisted instruction program to teach neophyte counselors classic methods of psychotherapy. Software was developed that called for beginning counseling students to simulate dialogue with a client via the computer's keyboard. Students were able to compare their responses with those of classic therapists. Provisions for a printed record of the session were made. Questionnaires, knowledge tests, and students' choices of counseling styles provided investigators with feedback on learning and level of positive response to the teaching method. As with most computer-assisted instruction studies, no evidence supporting increases in learning was obtained; however, free responses and ratings indicated that the students positively evaluated the program as a learning experience.     

Selection and Elimination of Candidates in Counselor Education Programs

This study compared actual with ideal procedures in the selection and elimination of candidates in counselor education programs. A two-factor analysis for each category (selection and elimination) resulted in some significant differences (p< .001) between the actual and ideal procedures in both selection and elimination. The criteria for actual and ideal procedures in the selection and elimination of candidates were also treated by t tests, with highly significant differences (p<.075 to p<.0005) found on some of the criteria.     

Book REVIEWS

Books Reviewed in this Article: Teaching Large Classes in Higher Education. Third World Guide 91/92. PM649 Supporting Primary Mathematics, The Open University. Exploring Statistics with Minitab. Ability, Partial information, Guessing: Statistical Modelling applied to Multiple-choice Tests. Mathematical Statistics. The Crest of the Peacock.