Managing the Freedom of Information Act and federal information policy: The Reagan years

This article examines management of the Freedom of Information Act and how Federal information policy changed during the eight years of the Reagan administration. The article analyzes the 1986 F.O.I.A. amendments and, particularly, the fee waiver provisions; examines the varying congressional and executive interpretations of these amendments; and considers the Reagan administration's skillful use of traditional managerial tools in new ways to shape its policy and implement its philosophy.     

THE PRESS AND CANDIDATE IMAGES

An examination of the news images of US presidential candidatessuggests that journalists portray candidates in ways consistentwith their position in the race. Strong candidates were generallygiven strong news images and weak candidates were saddled withweak images. Significantly, this pattern held also for the samecandidate if his position in the race changed. In 1988 Bush'snews image went from weak to strong when he surged ahead inthe polls during the general election. Such news images appearto affect voters' images of the candidates: to some degree,voters accept journalists' portrayals of the candidates.     

高校体育师资的培养与激励导向的选择

高校体育的发展必须树立“以人为本”的管理思想，现代管理的核心是人及人的积极性，科学的管理和激励机制是体育教师队伍素质发展的关键。激励是管理过程中达成目标的催化剂，科学的管理机制必须明确激励导向，体育管理环境的优化离不开体育教育观念的转变，在此基础上，提出了转化体育管理环境的建议。     

Who determines teacher work: The teacher,the organization,or both?

This paper examines how teachers responded when some organizational constraints on their work were loosened and why they responded as they did. It first reviews the sociological literature on teacher work to identify the main determinants studied. It then presents results of an ethnographic study of teachers in an urban school. The literature tends to portray teacher work as overly determined and may remove more responsibility from teachers for determining their own work than is warranted.