Modeling Partial Knowledge on Multiple‐Choice Items Using Elimination Testing

Single‐best answers to multiple‐choice items are commonly dichotomized into correct and incorrect responses, and modeled using either a dichotomous item response theory (IRT) model or a polytomous one if differences among all response options are to be retained. The current study presents an alternative IRT‐based modeling approach to multiple‐choice items administered with the procedure of elimination testing, which asks test‐takers to eliminate all the response options they consider to be incorrect. The partial credit model is derived for the obtained responses. By extracting more information pertaining to test‐takers’ partial knowledge on the items, the proposed approach has the advantage of providing more accurate estimation of the latent ability. In addition, it may shed some light on the possible answering processes of test‐takers on the items. As an illustration, the proposed approach is applied to a classroom examination of an undergraduate course in engineering science.     

Strategic aspects of children’s numerosity judgement

A previous study (Luwel, Verschaffel, Onghena, & De Corte, 2000) revealed that 2^nd and 6^th graders use at least 3 different kinds of strategies for determining different numerosities of blocks presented in square grids: (a) an addition strategy by means of which (groups of) blocks are counted (and added), (b) a subtraction strategy in which the number of empty squares is subtracted from the total number of blocks in the grid (i.e. the anchor), and (c) an estimation strategy, whereby the number of blocks is determined in a quick but imprecise way. Although 6^th as well as 2^nd graders used the clever subtraction strategy, the majority of 2^nd graders had serious trouble with the correct determination of the anchor, resulting in huge numerosity judgement errors. Since this finding seriously complicated the testing of a number of hypotheses in that study, we replicated the above study but presented the children information about the grid size. This manipulation led to a substantial increase in the proportion of appropriate subtraction strategy users and made it possible to investigate the effect of several subject and task variables on the frequency, accuracy, and adaptiveness with which the different strategies were applied. Results are discussed in terms of the conceptual framework of Lemaire and Siegler (1995) regarding strategic change.     

青年大学生素质塑造探析

青年学生是民族的未来，应将如何学习做人放在首位，加强科学文化知识的学习，积极参加各项文化体育活动，踊跃投身社会实践，时刻准备着为社会主义现代化建设做出贡献。     

Hybrid heuristic and mathematical programming in oil pipelines networks： Use of immigrants

We solve the problem of petroleum products distribution through oil pipelines networks. This problem is modelled and solved using two techniques: A heuristic method like a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm and Mathematical Programming. In the multiobjective evolutionary algorithm, several objective functions are defined to express the goals of the solutions as well as the preferences among them. Some constraints are included as hard objective functions and some are evaluated through a …     

Effects of kindergarten retention for at-risk children’s psychosocial development

Kindergarten retention is a popular practice for children who are considered unready for primary school. However, past research has not yet succeeded to find consistent, strong empirical evidence supporting the practice. In the current study, kindergarten repeaters’ development in nine psychosocial domains is compared with that of equally at risk but (1) continuously promoted age-mates and (2) promoted age-mates who repeated first grade instead. Analysing data from a large-scale longitudinal study using propensity score matching and multilevel modelling, the findings reveal no harm of kindergarten retention for at-risk children’s long term psychosocial development. Rather, we find that, relative to equally at-risk but continuously promoted children, kindergarten repeaters benefit from retention with respect to higher levels of well-being, and peer relations, and lower levels of hyperactivity, aggression and asocial behaviour. Compared to similar children who were promoted but who were retained in first grade instead, kindergarten repeaters are found to benefit more from retention with respect to higher levels of well-being, self-confidence, attitude to work and independent behaviour, and lower levels of hyperactivity.     

Transition from high school to university: a person-centered approach to academic achievement

Although a vast body of studies regarding the variables related to students’ achievement exists, only a handful has investigated how these variables combine and interact together. Such an investigation might make it possible to more accurately illustrate the heterogeneity of students enrolling in university and assess the impact of this diversity on academic achievement. The current study focused on the person-centered approach and investigated the possibility of determining significant subgroups of freshmen in the very first week of the academic year in the Belgian educational context. Using k-mean clustering, 2178 freshmen were classified according to their past performance, socioeconomic status, study choice process, and academic self-efficacy beliefs at the beginning of the first year at university. Analyses of variance were also conducted to analyze the relationship between these student clusters and academic achievement outcomes. Six distinct profiles of students were identified representing different combinations of achievement predictors. Results revealed different odds of success among these profiles. The implications of our approach to the understanding of the heterogeneity of freshmen and the first-year achievement process are discussed.     

Network Structure Expert System and Operation Optimization

It is propsed that double level programming technique may be adopted in synthesis strategy ,Optimi-zation of heat exchanger network sturctural configuration (the master problem )may be solved at the upper level ,leaving the rest operaing conditions (the slave problem)being optimized at the lower level ,With the uniqueness in mind,an HEN synthesis expert system may be employed to address both the logical constraints and the global operation parameters‘ optimization using enhanced sequential number optimization theory,Case studies demonstrate that the synthesis strategy proposed can effectively simplify both the problem-solving and the synthesis process,The validity of the strategy recommended is evidenced by case studies‘ results compared.     

论企业理论对高校师资队伍建设与管理的几点启发

师资是高校发展之本，抽象高校与企业在具体生产过程上的判别两者具有共同的性质，经济学只有政府，市场和企业的划分也说明了两者的同质性，企业理论对高样同样具有解释力，企业理论中的交易费用理论揭示了决定高校师资队伍存在与规模的经济原因；资产专用性理论指出了防止具有专用性人力资本者机会主义行为的方法；非流性理论则找到了在存在机会主义的情况下分配师资管理与监督权力的原则；团队生产理论在说明管理与监督重要性和存在难题的前提下强调加强教育的重要性和教育内容的选择方向。     

价值多元论与普遍主义的困境——伯林的自由思想对自由主义政治哲学的挑战

以原子论个人主义为基础的规则普遍主义是自由主义政治哲学的重要特征,伯林的价值多元论及其蕴含的文化多元主义和历史主义精神则对普遍主义构成了严重挑战.     

高等学校会计核算图解

根据国家教育委员会颁发的1989年1月1日起试行的“高等学校会计制度”的规定,绘制成10幅图解来介绍全国统一的高等学校现行的会计实务。本图解按资金收付记帐法绘制,左收右付、清晰地反映了帐户之间的对应关系,并且附有经济业务的简要说明。