Beratung Und Erziehung In Der Schule — Zur Integration Von Beratungsaktivitäten In Das Schulische Erziehungsfeld

Zusammenfassung In dem Beitrag von Christoph Wulf und Norbert Groddeck geht es um Probleme der Integration von Beratungsaktivitäten in das schulische Erziehungsfeld. Dabei geht es nicht nur um die Integration zusätzlicher Beratungsaktivitäten in die bestehende Schulstruktur, sondern um eine Neubesinnung auf Beratung als eine wichtige Form schulischer Erziehung, für deren Entwicklung es in der gegenwärtigen Situation schulischen Lernens wichtige strukturelle Voraussetzungen gibt. In diesem Zusammenhang kommt der Entwicklung der Verbesserung der Beratungskompetenz des Lehrers eine erhebliche Bedeutung zu; denn dem Lehrer obliegt im schulischen Alltag die Aufgabe, die Schüler und ihre Eltern bei Orientierungsfragen und psychosozialen Schwierigkeiten zu beraten. Dazu bedarf es einiger Fähigkeiten, die im Rahmen der Lehrerausbildung und Lehrerfortbildung entwickelt werden müssen. Zu ihnen gehört insbesondere eine praxisbezogene erzieherische Handlungskompetenz.

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This article deals with the problem of integrating counselling activities and the educational activities of the school in the Federal Republic of Germany. The problem is not only how to add more counselling activities to the existing school structure, but also how to conceptualize counselling as an important aspect of the schooling process. Pre-conditions for the latter now exist in the contemporary education scene in Germany. Thus, the improvement of counselling abilities of the teacher is given great importance. It is the teacher who is called upon in the daily life of the school to advise pupils and parents in case of problems of career choice and difficulties of a psycho-social nature. In order to do this, competencies have to be developed in teachers during their pre-service and in-service education. Of special importance is the practical ability to counsel in a school setting.

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Résumé Cet article traite du problème de l'intégration des activités du conseil d'orientation aux activités éducatives de l'école en République Fédérale d'Allemagne. Il ne s'agit pas seulement de savoir comment accorder plus de place au conseil d'orientation, mais aussi de savoir comment concevoir le conseil d'orientation comme un aspect important de l'éducation. Les conditions préalables à ce développement sont réunies à l'heure actuelle dans le système scolaire en Allemagne. C'est ainsi que l'on attache beaucoup d'importance à l'amélioration des qualités de conseiller de l'enseignant, car c'est à l'enseignant que l'on fait appel dans la vie quotidienne de l'école lorsqu'il s'agit de conseiller les élèves et leurs parents pour des problèmes de choix d'une carrière ou en cas de difficultés psycho-sociales. Pour qu'ils en soient capables, les enseignants ont besoin d'acquérir une compétence développée dans le cadre de leur formation et ensuite au cours de leurs stages de perfectionnement professionnel. La capacité pratique de conseiller dans le cadre de l'école est d'une importance spéciale.

     

Retrieval effectiveness of proper name search methods

Searching for names, e.g. author names or company names, is still an open problem. This paper reviews known similarity measures. These measures deal with phonetic similarity, typing errors and plain string similarity. It is shown experimentally that all three approaches lead to significantly higher retrieval quality than plain identity. Further improvements are possible by combining different methods; a probabilistic interpretation of string similarity is developed that leads to better results than an ad-hoc approach.     

Human handedness in interactive situations: Negative perceptual frequency effects can be reversed!

Abstract

Left-handed performers seem to enjoy an advantage in interactive sports. Researchers suggest this is predominantly due to the relative scarcity of left-handers compared with right-handers. Such negative frequency-dependent advantages are likely to appear in inefficient game-play behaviour against left-handed opponents such as reduced ability to correctly anticipate left-handers' action intentions. We used a pre–post retention design to test whether such negative frequency-dependent perceptual effects can be reversed via effective training. In a video-based test, 30 handball novices anticipated the shot outcome of temporally occluded handball penalties thrown by right- and left-handed players. Between the pre- and post-tests, participants underwent a perceptual training programme to improve prediction accuracy, followed by an unfilled retention test one week later. Participants were divided into two hand-specific training groups (i.e. only right- or left-handed shots were presented during training) and a mixed group (i.e. both right- and left-handed shots were presented). Our results support the negative frequency-dependent advantage hypothesis, as hand-specific perceptual training led to side-specific improvement of anticipation skills. Similarly, findings provide experimental evidence to support the contention that negatively frequency-dependent selection mechanisms contributed to the maintenance of the handedness polymorphism.     

'NO OPINION'-FILTERS: A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Research on the use of ‘no opinion’-filters suggeststhat respondents are the less likely to offer a substantiveresponse the more strongly the filter question is worded. Aseries of experiments is reported that demonstrates that filterquestions influence respondents' perception of their task: themore strongly the filter question is worded, the more respondentsassume that they will have to answer difficult questions, andthat they may not have the required knowledge. Accordingly,filter questions discourage respondents from offering globalopinions that they may hold. In line with this assumption, allrespondents who reported not having an opinion in response toa filter question, subsequently provided substantive responseson a global opinion question—presumably because the globalquestion asked was less demanding than expected on the basisof the filter. Analyses of these substantive responses indicatedthat respondents who initially reported not having an opiniondiffered from respondents who reported having one. Methodologicalimplications of these findings for the use of filter questionsand for research on the nature of ‘floating’ arediscussed.     

Konfigurierungskonzepte für DB-basierte technische Entwurfsanwendungen

Zusammenfassung  . Schwerpunkte einer Datenbank-Unterstützung von technischen Entwurfsanwendungen sind eine geeignete Ablaufkontrolle sowie ein geeignetes Datenmodell. Letzteres mu? Versionen komplexer Objekte verwalten k?nnen. Um aus der Gesamtmenge der in einer Datenbank enthaltenen Versionen konsistente Einheiten (Mengen ‚kompatibler’ Versionen) hervorheben zu k?nnen, werden geeignete Konfigurierungskonzepte ben?tigt. Dieses Papier gibt eine Klassifikation verschiedener DB-bezogener Konfigurierungsans?tze, bewertet diese und begründet damit die Wahl, die im Rahmen des Objekt- und Versionsdatenmodells OVM hinsichtlich des zu unterstützenden Konfigurierungskonzeptes getroffen wurde. Wir werden argumentieren, da? insbesondere die Flexibilit?t, die das gew?hlte Konzept sowohl hinsichtlich der Definition von Konfigurationstypen als auch hinsichtlich des Anlegens von Konfigurationen bietet, zu einer besseren Unterstützung von technischen Entwurfsanwendungen als in bestehenden objekt-orientierten Systemen führt. Eingegangen am 14. Oktober 1996/Angenommen am 27. Oktober 1997     

A probability ranking principle for interactive information retrieval

The classical Probability Ranking Principle (PRP) forms the theoretical basis for probabilistic Information Retrieval (IR) models, which are dominating IR theory since about 20 years. However, the assumptions underlying the PRP often do not hold, and its view is too narrow for interactive information retrieval (IIR). In this article, a new theoretical framework for interactive retrieval is proposed: The basic idea is that during IIR, a user moves between situations. In each situation, the system presents to the user a list of choices, about which s/he has to decide, and the first positive decision moves the user to a new situation. Each choice is associated with a number of cost and probability parameters. Based on these parameters, an optimum ordering of the choices can the derived—the PRP for IIR. The relationship of this rule to the classical PRP is described, and issues of further research are pointed out.

Forgeries of Fossils in “Amber”: History,Identification and Case Studies

The appeal of ancient fossilized tree resin, or amber, has made pieces with animal and plant inclusions particularly prized. Unfortunately, amber forgeries are more convincingly and routinely made than most other kinds of fossils, by embedding organisms in natural resins (e.g., copal) or synthetic resins (especially polyester) or by filling a carved niche in a natural piece of amber with resin and a modern inclusion. The confusion of organisms in copal (forged and natural) for ones in amber has a long history. Reviewed here are simple tests for discerning forgeries and natural inclusions in both substances. We discuss an old but sophisticated technique for crafting amber forgeries from authentic amber and present several new examples from old collections in two large museum collections. Also discussed is the widespread use of polyester resin forgeries in the Dominican Republic and Mexico.