幼儿气质特点与其父母婚姻质量的关系研究

本研究以沈阳市某幼儿园的120名3～5岁幼儿为被试,采用《3～9岁儿童气质家长评定问卷》和《Olson婚姻质量问卷》对幼儿的气质特点及其父母的婚姻质量进行评定,重点探讨幼儿气质特点与其父母婚姻质量之间的关系。研究发现:(1)父母婚姻质量与幼儿气质中的情绪性维度显著相关。(2)幼儿气质中的专注性和活动性维度与父母婚姻质量的部分因子显著相关。(3)幼儿气质中的情绪性维度对父母婚姻质量有预测作用。     

幼儿气质特点与其父母婚姻质量的关系研究

本研究以沈阳市某幼儿园的120名3～5岁幼儿为被试,采用<3～9岁儿童气质家长评定问卷>和对幼儿的气质特点及其父母的婚姻质量进行评定,重点探讨幼儿气质特点与其父母婚姻质量之间的关系.研究发现:(1)父母婚姻质量与幼儿气质中的情绪性维度显著相关.(2)幼儿气质中的专注性和活动性维度与父母婚姻质量的部分因子显著相关.(3)幼儿气质中的情绪性维度对父母婚姻质量有预测作用.     

Going Outside in Winter: A Qualitative Study of Preschool Dressing Routines

The exploratory study focused on describing typical routines of preparing for winter outdoor play with preschool children and their teachers. Naturalistic observations, interviews and photographs resulted in extensive examples of children’s development in cognitive understanding of winter and winter-related concepts. Observations of teachers and assistants revealed task-oriented perspectives including detailed strategies and planning. Asynchronous communication and directive language were typical of teacher/child communication. Photo analyses confirmed physical skills used by preschoolers to accomplish dressing tasks and extensive curricular changes to indoor environments.     

How young people respond to learning spaces outside school: A sociocultural perspective

This article focuses on educational enterprises outside the formal sector, such as museums, botanical gardens and interactive science centres. International research is drawn on to illuminate how design, culture, educational strategies and settings combine to affect the way in which young people respond to experiences on offer, leading to analysis of the impact of such settings in promoting learning, and the likely implications for those who staff such venues. Aikenhead’s concept of the educator as ‘culture broker’ is developed to suggest ways in which learning might be best supported. It envisages a shift from ‘delivery’ strategies targeted at large groups towards approaches which focus on what learners choose to know about using dialogue between children and ‘known and trusted people’. Analysis of observed responses in various settings is undertaken from a sociocultural perspective using the notion of communities of practice. Implications for the roles of education managers and their staff in further research are developed.     

Function oriented service composition modeling

Formal models for service composition have been proposed with the variation of the requirements of service developers. Some famous models have provided checking and verification techniques and tools for the behavior of service composition. These models generally focus much on the message flow of web services and neglecting the data contained in the exchanged messages among services, which restrict the application range of these models and also the web service techniques. As new kind of services with different protocols and communication methods have appeared, it is needed to model service composition from a new view which is adapted to the new development in service area. In this paper we offer a function oriented model of service composition which treats the composite service as a software system and specify the function of services which can be directly used to the realization by service providers.     

Helping Homeless Families Overcome Barriers to Successful Functioning

The author articulates key stressors in the lives of families who are homeless. These stresses often combine with barriers such as lack of job opportunities and/or insensitive professionals. Strategies for helping homeless families overcome these barriers and related issues are presented.     

生命至尊：历史教学不容回避的话题

从教书匠走向教育家,是新时期教师专业发展的理想境界,是一种全面、和谐、可持续的为师之道。教育家摆脱了＂匠＂的俗气,具有了独立的学养、人格、思想、精神与气质,作为教师专业发展的终极目标,不是所有教师都可以不费吹灰之力唾手可得的,需要经过持续、持久的学习和历练才能达成并维持。     

The relation of multiple-schedule behavioral contrast to deprivation,time in session,and within-session changes in responding

Pigeons' keypecking was reinforced by food on baseline schedules of multiple variable interval (VI) x VI x and on contrast schedules of multiple VI x VI y. Deprivation of food was varied by maintaining subjects at 75%, 85%, and 95% (+/- 2%) of their free-feeding weights. Positive and negative behavioral contrast were observed. The size of the contrast was not systematically altered by changes in deprivation. Positive and negative contrast were both larger later in the session than they were earlier. Within-session decreases in responding were steeper for the baseline than for the contrast schedules for positive contrast. Within-session decreases were steeper for the contrast than for the baseline schedules for negative contrast. These results were predicted by the idea that different amounts of habituation to the reinforcer during the baseline and contrast schedules contribute to behavioral contrast. The results show that contrast occurs under conditions that reduce the effect of the following component. The results support the assumption that positive and negative contrast are produced by symmetrical theoretical variables.     

Impact of brief or extended extinction of a taste aversion on inhibitory associations: Evidence from summation,retardation, and preference tests

In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the aversion to a merely conditioned flavor (vinegar), whereas three saccharin extinction trials did not subsequently influence the vinegar aversion. Experiment 2 clarified that result, with unpaired controls equated on flavor exposure prior to testing; the results with those controls suggested that the flavor extinguished for nine trials produced generalization decrement during testing. In Experiment 3, the saccharin aversion reconditioned slowly after nine extinction trials, but not after three. Those results suggested the development of latent inhibition after more than three extinction trials. Preference tests comparing saccharin consumption with a concurrently available fluid (water in Experiment 4, saline in Experiment 5) showed that the preference for saccharin was greater after nine extinction trials than after three. However, saccharin preference after nine extinction trials was not greater, as compared with that for either latent inhibition controls (Experiments 4 and 5) or a control given equated exposures to saccharin and trained to drink saline at a high rate prior to testing (Experiment 5). Concerns about whether conditioned inhibition has been demonstrated in any flavor aversion procedure are discussed. Our findings help explain both successes and failures in demonstrating postextinction conditioned response recovery effects reported in the conditioned taste aversion literature, and they can be explained using a memory interference account.     

阻隔与沟通:异元批评与对话批评——文论建设中的一个问题

本从“异元批评”的存在入手，指出“异元批评”使得在批评同一对象时，不仅见解迥然有别，而且批评的各方无法对话。随着对话这一国际潮流向各个领域的广泛渗透，批评家期盼在学批评领域能够进行平等的交流，实现批评沟通。对话批评需要一定的共识，其中最主要的是关于学和学批评的共识。前构成对话批评的前提，后构成对话批评的原则或根据。批评是对话，是关系平等的作家与批评家两种声音的相汇，对话批评是批评家与对话之间以学本为中介共同探讨人类的价值问题。为了进行对话批评，学批评必须走出自我孤立的窘境。