Technology push and demand pull perspectives in innovation studies: Current findings and future research directions

This study updates the debate on the sources of innovation. Using techniques like factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, and pathfinder analysis, we examine the most influential articles that have dealt with the topic. Our analysis provides three main findings. The first more precisely highlights the role of demand as a source of innovation. The second illustrates how competences enable firms to match technology with demand and capitalize on technology and demand as sources of innovation. The third unveils a distinction between external and internal sources of innovations. The sources of innovation can be purely external or internally generated competences that enable the firm to integrate external knowledge within its boundaries. Our work contributes to the classic debate by providing a more granular understanding of how technology and demand interact. In discussing our findings, we link our framework to strategy, innovation and entrepreneurship studies that expressly call for a better understanding of technology and demand factors in value creation and capture.     

Return mobility and scientific productivity of researchers working abroad: The role of home country linkages

Through an analysis of 497 foreign researchers in Italy and Portugal we verify the impact of home linkages on return mobility choices and scientific productivity. We consider the presence of several different types of linkages of the researchers working abroad with their country of origin and control for the most relevant contextual factors (age, research area, position in the host country, etc.). The probability of return to their home country and scientific productivity in the host country are both higher for researchers that maintain home linkages. We conclude that the presence of home linkages directly benefits both countries in addition to the indirect benefit of expanding the scientific networks. Policy implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.     

不同群体大学生亚健康现状比较分析及对策研究

目的:通过对不同群体大学生亚健康现状的调查和比较分析,得出结论,以促进高校大学生的身心健康。调查结果显示:大一的男生和大二的女生发生亚健康状况的比率在大学四个年级中是最高的;华中、东北地区的男生和华南地区的女生发生亚健康状况的比率明显高于其他地区;相对其他学科,医科学生亚健康情况更加严重。建议:应构建与落实新型健康教育课程体系,丰富健康教育的形式与内容;定期对学生健康检查时增加"亚健康"方面的筛检,针对不同群体学生采取群体和个体相结合的健康教育和预防干预措施;校方应努力创造适合学生身心特点的校园文化氛围,形成宽松有序的业余生活环境。同时大学生也应通过各种方式调节好心态,即便是在学业繁忙压力增加的情况下,也不能忽视体育锻炼;大学生除养成良好的锻炼、睡眠习惯外,还要养成良好的饮食习惯,特别要了解膳食营养与能量分配等方面的基本知识。     

析小强度力量锻炼对康奈尔健康指标的影响

目的:通过文献资料法、实验法、调查法等方法,并运用中医经络学理论分析小强度力量锻炼对康奈尔健康指标的影响,旨在为研究人员和锻炼人员提供一定借鉴。方法:对30名实验组学生进行"对墙俯卧撑、仰卧起坐、深蹲、提踵"四种小强度力量锻炼,实验前后进行问卷调查并进行对比。结果:实验组男生实验后的呼吸系统得分低于实验前,差异具有显着性(P<0.05),实验组男生实验后的皮肤和神经系统的得分低于实验前,差异具有高度显着性(P<0.01);实验组女生实验后的呼吸系统的得分低于实验前,差异具有显着性(P<0.05),实验组女生实验后的肌肉骨骼系统的得分低于实验前,差异具有显着性(P<0.05)。结论:小强度力量锻炼,使康内尔健康指标中的呼吸系统、神经系统、骨骼肌及皮肤得到了改善。     

军人高温高湿环境身心适应力训练初探

分析了高温高湿环境对军人生理及心理的影响,初步提出了几种军人高温高湿环境身心适应力的训练方法,并指出了训练中应注意的问题。     

开放大学网络课程资源建设模式的探讨

本文针对电大网络课程资源开发现状,结合多年资源开发实践,分析了传统开发模式,提出了开放大学网络课程资源建设采用项目制模式管理,以及提升网络课程开发质量和效率的建议,最后提出一种精简开发模式以供探讨。     

对冬训期间女子马拉松运动员膳食调查及营养补充的研究

以国家女子马拉松队运动员为研究对象,在备战2012年奥运会赛前的冬训期间,对运动员的膳食情况和营养补充进行了跟踪调查,找出了女子马拉松运动员对各种营养摄入不平衡的问题,并对运动员的营养补充和体力恢复及疲劳的消除等方面提出了建议,为保障队伍顺利完成大负荷训练,特别是高原训练和赛前调整提供了理论支持。     

Petrographic and chemical characterisation of fine ware from three Archaic and Hellenistic kilns in Gela,Sicily

This work is focused on the petro-archeometric characterization of the fine pottery production of the archaeological site of Gela (Sicily). Thirty-five samples coming from three Archaic and Hellenistic kilns and five coming from an Hellenistic house, were investigated by means of optical microscopy, XRD and XRF analysis. With the exception of some ceramics which are undoubtedly imported, all the samples have similar petrographic features, but on the basis of chemical composition, we can distinguish two different groups. The presence of two local productions is confirmed by the comparison with locally outcropping sediments and with archaic and modern bricks of sure Geloan production. This result is particularly significant for the definition of reference groups of this wealthy polis that played an important trading role in the Mediterranean area.     

Spectroscopic analyses of Hellenistic painted plasters from 2nd century B.C., Sicily (South Italy)

In the present work, an analytical characterization of painted plaster samples coming from ancient buildings dated back to 2nd cent. B.C., located in Licata (Sicily, Southern Italy), has been carried out. The investigation has been performed through different spectroscopic techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using an handheld energy-dispersive XRF analyzer, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometry microanalysis detector (SEM-EDS) and Fourier transform infrared absorbance spectroscopy (FT-IR). The main goal is to identify the plaster and pigments material. In particular, the XRF investigation of surfaces is the first step for a preliminary elemental characterization. Then, through SEM-EDS measurements, a quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of the plaster and the pigmenting agents along with eventual components related to deterioration processes has been obtained. Finally, FT-IR absorbance spectra have proven to be a useful tool to investigate the molecular nature of the used materials.     

Participation,performance and inequality in Italian higher education in the 20th century

Using data from the five waves of the Italian Longitudinal Household Survey, this paper examines the dynamics of Italian higher education in the twentieth century. The main goals are to study changes in participation in higher education (enrolment, transition, and graduation rates), in performance (drop out and delayed graduation rates, average delay duration), and how these have changed in different social classes. The main results are as follows. Enrolment growth has not been followed by a proportional increase in graduation rates. The drop out rate, the number of delayed graduations and the average delay duration were already high before the 1969 reform, and subsequently increased over time. Delayed graduations increased among students from both upper-middle and lower-middle classes, whereas the drop out rate rose only among the latter, and stayed steady for the former. As a whole, absolute inequalities persisted over time, with any slight reduction that took place resulting from declining performance of the upper classes, and not from an improvement of the lower classes.