Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: longitudinal relations to quality of children's social functioning

Relations between self-reported parental reactions to children's negative emotions (PNRs) and children's socially appropriate/problem behavior and negative emotionality were examined longitudinally. Evidence was consistent with the conclusion that relations between children's externalizing (but not internalizing) emotion and parental punitive reactions to children's negative emotions are bidirectional. Reports of PNRs generally were correlated with low quality of social functioning. In structural models, mother-reported problem behavior at ages 10-12 was at least marginally predicted from mother-reported problem behavior, children's regulation, and parental punitive or distress reactions. Moreover, parental distress and punitive reactions at ages 6-8 predicted reports of children's regulation at ages 8-10, and regulation predicted parental punitive reactions at ages 10-12. Father reports of problem behavior at ages 10-12 were predicted by earlier problem behavior and parental distress or punitive reactions; some of the relations between regulation and parental reactions were similar to those in the models for mother-reported problem behavior. Parental perceptions of their reactions were substantially correlated over 6 years. Some nonsupportive reactions declined in the early to mid-school years, but all increased into late childhood/early adolescence.     

多层共挤薄膜包装对液态乳品质的影响

目前多层共挤薄膜包装仍然是国内液态乳制品的主要包装形式,受成本、供应等方面的制约,高阻隔性能的阻隔材料仍未被广泛的使用。阐述了多层共挤薄膜包装对液态乳品质的影响,并对液态乳制品企业在选择包装材料时提出几点建议,以供参考。     

Maintenance of responding when reinforcement becomes delayed

In four experiments with rats, we examined the persistence of behavior when reinforcement was switched from immediate to delayed. In Experiment 1, lever pressing elicited by instrumental training with immediate reinforcement continued when a 20-sec delay of reinforcement was introduced (easy-to-hard condition), whereas when the delay condition was introduced from the start (hard-to-hard condition), responding remained low throughout. A similar result was obtained in Experiment 2, in which lever pressing was elicited by a classical conditioning (autoshaping) procedure. In Experiment 3, rats initially trained with delayed reinforcement continued to respond at a low rate when switched to immediate reinforcement (hard-to-easy condition). By measuring magazine entry (goal tracking) as well as lever pressing (sign tracking) in Experiment 4, we confirmed that such transfer effects at least partly involve the persistence of whatever type of behavior was initially dominant.     

谈“网上名师工作室”的经营

名师工作室作为突出领导力的教师研修平台,为引领教师专业发展提供了丰富的个人智慧资源,并带领团队研究开发集体智慧。有的做得比较好,筑巢引凤,结伴而来;有的还只是筑了一个巢,尚无凤凰巢居。网上名师工作室则更体现了现代教学的新理念,为教师研修提供了更加便捷有效的平台。     

良好的习惯成就美好的未来

随着社会的不断发展,小学生已经进入了独生子女年代。学生的养成教育已经成为不可忽视的新课题。教育家叶圣陶说过：＂教育是什么,简单一句话,就是养成良好的习惯。＂现代心理研究表明,一个人成才所受的影响中,     

2006年中国传媒体制改革理论研究综述

2006年是中国传媒业体制改革力度最大的一年。关于传媒体制改革的理论研究文章也自然成为本年度新闻传播学研究的重点和焦点之一。这年1月,中共中央、国务院发出《关于深化文化体制改革的若干意见》;9月,国务院公布《国家“十一五”时期文化发展规划纲要》,进一步指出要深化文化体制改革。传媒产业是文化产业的一个     

高职院校图书馆服务创新研究

服务创新是图书馆工作永恒的主题，也是图书馆工作的出发点和落脚点，只有服务工作做好了，才会赢得读者的青睐，图书馆才会有发展。     

2006年中国传媒体制改革理论研究综述

2006年是中国传媒业体制改革力度最大的一年，关于传媒体制改革的理论研究文章也自然成为本年度新闻传播学研究的重点和焦点之一。     

Extinction and retraining of simultaneous and successive flavor conditioning

In three experiments, rats received pairings of flavor conditioned stimuli with polycose unconditioned stimuli, in either a simultaneous or a sequential relation. Both temporal relations produced excellent conditioned increases in consumption of the flavors. Separate presentation of the flavors resulted in extinction in both cases. However, restoring the pairing of the flavor with polycose resulted in reconditioning only with the sequential, not with the simultaneous, relation.