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21.
Recently, communication scholars have become interested in relationships between communication apprehension and the underlying biological predispositions for behavior called temperament. The resulting communibiological paradigm is said to account for individual differences in communicative behavior and adaptation to speaking situations. Because temperament is conceived as a multidimensional construct, the precise biologically determined predispositions influencing temperamental expression are yet to be discovered. In this research, Strelau's Pavlovian temperament theory is applied to this problem. Facets of the Pavlovian Temperament Survey were related to McCroskey's (1978) Personal Report of Communication Apprehension. Results suggest a moderate level of interdependence between communication apprehension and several facets of Pavlovian temperament. 相似文献
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Ralph Beliveau Ph.D. 《广播与电子媒介杂志》2013,57(2):273-274
The “topless radio”; phenomenon was briefly widespread— and controversy about such formats continues to appear. This article reviews two important FCC decisions, Sonderling (WGLD‐FM), and Pacifica (WBAI‐FM), to discern and describe FCC policy trends and attempts to define just what obscenity and indecency is and what standards for broadcasting should exist. Dr. Feldman is on the speech faculty at Denison University (Ohio), while Dr. Tickton teaches mass communication and speech at, respectively, Norfolk State College and Old Dominion University, both in Virginia. 相似文献
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Rayendra Wahyu Bachtiar Ralph F. G. Meulenbroeks Wouter R. van Joolingen 《科学教学研究杂志》2024,61(2):289-318
Previous studies have documented the promising results from student-constructed representations, including stop-motion animation (SMA), in supporting mechanistic reasoning (MR), which is considered an essential thinking skill in science education. Our current study presents theoretically and empirically how student-constructed SMA contributes to promoting MR. As a theoretical perspective, we propose a framework hypothesizing the link between elements of MR and the construction nature of SMA, that is, chunking and sequencing. We then examined the extent to which this framework was consistent with a multiple-case study in the domain of static electricity involving five secondary school students constructing and using their own SMA creation for reasoning. In addition, students' reasoning in pre- and postconstruction of an SMA was examined. Our empirical findings confirmed our framework by showing that all students identified the basic elements of MR, that is, entities and activities of entities, when engaging in chunking and sequencing. Chunking played a role in facilitating students to identify entities responsible for electrostatic phenomena, and sequencing seemed to elicit students to specify activities of these entities. The analysis of students' reasoning in pre- and postconstruction of SMA found that student-generated SMA has a potential effect on students' retention of the use of MR. Implications for instruction with SMA construction to support MR are discussed. 相似文献
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Studies of extinction in classical conditioning situations can reveal techniques that maximize the effectiveness of exposure-based
behavior therapies. In three experiments, we investigated the effect of varying the intertrial interval during an extinction
treatment in a fear-conditioning preparation with rats as subjects. In Experiment 1, we found less fear at test (i.e., more
effective extinction) when extinction trials were widely spaced, relative to intermediate or massed extinction trials. In
Experiment 2, we used an ABA renewal procedure and observed that spaced trials attenuated renewal of conditioned fear relative
to massed trials. In Experiment 3, we used a similar design, but instead of changing the physical context at the time of testing,
we interposed a retention interval after the extinction treatment to produce a change in the temporal context. The results
showed less spontaneous recovery of fear after spaced than after massed extinction trials. These results suggest that extinction
is more enduring when the extinction trials are spaced rather than massed. Although the benefits of spacing trials are small
when there is no contextual change from extinction to testing, a change in either physical or temporal context following massed
extinction trials leads to a recovery from extinction, which is reduced when the trials are spaced. 相似文献