Working Memory and Reading Difficulties: What We Know and What We Don’t Know About the Relationship

This paper examines the role of Working Memory (WM) in developmental reading problems, considering: 1) The operationalization of WM; 2) The unique contribution of WM to reading; 3) Domain-general or -specific explanations of decoding and reading comprehension deficits; and 4) The capacity of WM constructs to distinguish between reading disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is concluded that: 1) Significant problems operationalizing working memory measures remain; 2) No clear unique role for WM is evident in longitudinal studies of reading acquisition; 3) Existing evidence concerning the domain-specificity or generality of WM problems is hard to interpret given problems in identification and sampling of poor readers and operationalization of WM constructs; 4) Further work is required to specify the nature of WM problems in samples of poor readers, as distinct from other co-occurring problems such as ADHD. Additional research is suggested to address these issues more fully.     

俄欧关系：一个共同的欧洲家园？

重新定义欧洲的实质是欧洲边界问题。俄罗斯的文明归属问题在欧盟东扩的背景下再次引起讨论。对于俄罗斯 ,欧洲存在悲观和乐观两种相反的看法。但俄欧双方都不希望在欧洲再制造一条错误的界线。俄欧关系的发展已有了新的法律框架 ,但距离一个共同的欧洲家园还有很长的路要走     

论心理表征及其规律对教学的启示

心理表征既是一种认知活动，也是一种认知结果，它对理解知识、过滤信息、形成行动策略等具有重要的意义。人们的心理表征受多种因素的影响，学生的心理表征规律是教学策略选择的重要依据，运用心理表征规律于教学对提高学生学习效率和教学质量具有重要意义。     

Early social communication development in infants with autism spectrum disorder

Social-communication differences are a robust and defining feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but identifying early points of divergence in infancy has been a challenge. The current study examines social communication in 9- to 12-month-old infants who develop ASD (N = 30; 23% female; 70% white) compared to typically developing (TD) infants (N = 94, 38% female; 88% white). Results demonstrate that infants later diagnosed with ASD were already exhibiting fewer social-communication skills using eye gaze, facial expression, gestures, and sounds at 9 months (effect size: 0.42–0.89). Moreover, three unique patterns of change across distinct social-communication skills were observed within the ASD group. This study documents that observable social-communication differences for infants with ASD are unfolding by 9 months, pointing to a critical window for targeted intervention.     

Library Cartography: Mapping Workflow Processes in an Academic Library

This article will introduce and illustrate process mapping as a valuable tool in the academic library setting. Commonly used in the business world, process mapping is the practice of gathering information regarding a specific workflow and diagraming it visually, usually in the form of a flowchart. This representation can then be analyzed for process improvement. In addition to helping assess current workflow efficiency, process mapping is a valuable way for employees throughout the library to see how they are contributing to essential processes. Process mapping can also help to identify areas where departments can work to further collaborate and can contribute to knowledge management and continuity. This article will highlight the valuable benefits of process mapping and document the authors’ experience focusing this activity on the operations at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte’s J. Murrey Atkins Library.     

博物馆观众研究简史(三)——20世纪90年代至今

博物馆观众研究领域最早的成果可以追溯到吉尔曼(Gilman)在1911年的研究工作,本文对观众评估研究的关注对象与问题进行了历史性的批判分析。本研究揭示了各类研究建立的范式,包括对实施机制的说明、对评估客观性的审问、对文化民主化研究和营销相关研究之间不协调性的强调。本文结合多年经济危机和理性化带来的影响,介绍了20世纪90年代至今博物馆观众研究的工具化,并结合观众研究的他律性的特点进行分析,提出了这一领域面临的四大挑战。     

Comparison of standardized assessment methods: logistics,costs, incentives and use of data

Critical thinking, problem solving and communication are fundamental elements of undergraduate education, but methods for assessing these skills across an institution are susceptible to logistical, motivational and financial issues. Queen’s University conducted two research studies investigating the use of standardised tests to assess cognitive skill development across the institution. Synthesis of results from implementing the Collegiate Learning Assessment (CLA+), the Critical Thinking Assessment Test (CAT), and the HEIghten^TM test found that student test effort was a significant factor, and effort level correlated with performance at r?=?.33. Test incentives were also a significant factor; effort levels for the $25 financial incentive group were one standard deviation higher than effort for the in-class test group. A dedicated computer lab was the preferred option for computer-based testing. A paper-based test was found to be much simpler to administer, but test results were not available for a long time, therefore limiting the usefulness of data. The true cost of tests was greater than the price of the instrument; recruitment, training, proctoring and marking costs need to be included in the calculation. Generally speaking, alignment of test objectives with student or course objectives, and timeliness of data, were key for participation and motivation.     

Fear appeals in the primary classroom: Effects on test anxiety and test grade

The present study investigated whether fear appeals used prior to a test increased self-reported test anxiety and had a detrimental effect on test scores. Forty primary school pupils were instructed for one week under a low threat condition under which no fear appeals were made and another week under a high threat condition in which fear appeals were made salient. An end-of-week test was given in both conditions. Pupils reported an increase in test anxiety related worrisome thoughts and autonomic reactions under the high threat condition, but not in off-task behaviours. Test scores were lower under the high threat condition, but were not attributable to the increases in test anxiety related thoughts and autonomic reactions. This study adds weight to the argument that fear appeals are a damaging classroom strategy, but the mechanism by which fear appeals are reducing test scores is not yet clear.     

论柳宗元《送薛存义之任序》

《送薛存义之任序》是柳宗元任永州司马员外置同正员时所作，柳宗元在文中宣扬官吏是公仆，人民是主人这样一种思想，这是以元和初期永州零陵县发生官吏渎职，农民暴动这一事件为依据提出了的思想观点，对圆满处理事件的薛存义的政绩予以评价，这是柳宗元“明道”文学的代表作。     

知识的进步与进步的知识——拉卡托斯的知识论及其在教育中的意义

知识问题是教育学关注的一个焦点。拉卡托斯的知识论是目前最优秀的知识理论之一。它合理地建构了知识体系的模型，清楚地勾勒了人类知识进步的图景，为教育工作者对知识进行选择和评价提供了明确的标准，对中国教育学界有重要的借鉴作用。