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131.
In this study, we analysed running world records and found that the mean speed of the race, μ, as a function of the record time, τ, can be described asymptotically by two well-defined scaling laws of the form u ?s τ - β. There is a break in the scaling laws (?1000m) between the shorter and the longer races at a characteristic time of around 150-170 s, after which a new scaling regime emerges. This is the first occasion that this characteristic time has been clearly found in physical terms; we interpreted it as the transition time between the anaerobic and the aerobic energy expenditure of athletes. This phenomenon is independent of the athletes' sex and is also found in swimming races with similar values of the characteristic time. We also investigated the forecasting of world records using historical data. Using an approach based on the identification of non-Poissonian events for a sequence of temporal point processes, we found that the sequence of improvements in all athletic records from 1900 to the present day cannot be considered as a sequence of completely random events. 相似文献
132.
Sandra Collins 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(3):357-374
Modern Japan has considered global sport an appropriate forum for not only defining the national cultural identity of Japan but also for conducting its international diplomacy. The recent phenomenon of Japanese baseball athletes ‘defecting’ from Japanese leagues to play for the American baseball leagues has often been described in political terms. This paper argues that the current trend of analysing Japanese nationals playing baseball in America in political terms can be historically contextualized by reviewing the bids by Japanese cities for the 1940, 1964, 1998 and 2016 Olympic Games. 相似文献
133.
A previous article in Higher Education in Europe (Vol. 24, No. 2, 1999), by three of the authors of the present article, outlined the beginnings of an on-line course, "Marketing Theory and Practice" (MTP), offered by the Department of Marketing of Monash University in Australia. It noted the opportunities such a development presented in terms of collaboration. Following the successful introduction of MTP on-line (http://www.buseco.monash.edu.au/Subjects/MKT/ MTPonline/) into the undergraduate programme, the project team applied for a significant funding grant to implement a department-wide strategy for the electronic delivery of marketing education. This implementation includes the development of an E-Master's degree in Marketing, details of which are discussed in this article. 相似文献
134.
135.
The complexity of toddlers' self-development was examined in the context of knowing others. Two studies were designed to test whether toddlers' self-knowledge was different from their knowledge of others (e.g., mother and inanimate object) or whether toddlers' knowledge of persons (e.g., self and mother) was different from their knowledge of objects. Knowledge of self, mother, and inanimate object was observed in developmentally sequenced tasks assessing agency and featural knowledge. When the inanimate object was perceptually different from humans, 12-month-old toddlers responded differently to all 3 versions. When the inanimate object was perceptually similar to humans, 24-month-olds, distinguished self from other and did not distinguish between the 2 versions of "other:" mother and inanimate object. We concluded that 12-month-old infants were more sensitive to perceptual features of objects than were older toddlers. Data were interpreted according to Neisser's distinction between the ecological self and the interpersonal self. 相似文献
136.
We explored the effects of Fast ForWord (FFW) training on reading and spoken language skills in children with difficulties
in phonemic awareness and word identification. Gains were examined both immediately after treatment and over a period of two
years. In the short term, children who received FFW training were compared to children who received Orton Gillingham (OG)
training. The FFW group was also compared to a matched longitudinal control group (LC); all participants in the FFW and LC
groups received similar multisensory structured language instruction over two academic years. The FFW and OG groups made similar
gains in phonemic awareness. However, the children who received FFW training did not show significant gains in word identification
or word attack whereas the children who received OG training made significant gains in word attack. Immediately after treatment,
the FFW group showed significant gains in speaking and syntax, but these gains were not maintained over two years. The FFW
group did not differ significantly from the LC group in any areas over the two years. Children in both groups made significant
progress in phonemic awareness and reading. 相似文献
137.
138.
Sandra Soliday Hong Noreen Yazejian Shannon Guss Amanda Stein Maia Connors Diane Horm 《Early education and development》2019,30(8):1084-1093
ABSTRACTResearch Findings: This article summarizes current peer-reviewed research and conceptualizations of collaboration and presents a new conceptual model. Authors found that the existing peer-reviewed literature does not adequately reflect emerging understandings of the nature of early childhood collaborations or the contributions such collaborations make to outcomes. The paper fills a gap in the literature by presenting a broader conceptualization of collaboration in which stakeholders work together and use data to achieve common goals through engaging in shared activities. Authors provide examples of how collaborations take place within a network of early care and education programs. Practice or Policy: Practitioners can use information presented in this to support collaborations at different levels of an early childhood system. More research needs to be conducted to identify and measure collaborative activities and outcomes across levels of collaboration to align with a broader definition of collaboration. 相似文献
139.
140.
Sandra Crosser 《Early Childhood Education Journal》1994,22(1):7-11
With panic clearly showing in his eyes, Josh dropped to the floor, locked his dad's leg between both arms, and screamed. It
was Josh's first day at school. While young children's fears may not always appear to be rational in the eyes of adults, every
child's fearful response deserves to be acknowledged as a genuine reaction to an actual or perceived threat. Because fear
has the potential to interfere with the young child's quality of life, it would seem important to understand the nature and
normal developmental course of early childhood fears. 相似文献