Effect of hand paddles and parachute on the index of coordination of competitive crawl-strokers

We investigated the effects of hand paddles and parachute on the relative duration of stroke phases and index of coordination of competitive crawl-strokers. Eleven male-swimmers (age: 21.9 ± 4.5 years; 50-m best time: 24.23 ± 0.75 s) were evaluated in four maximal-intensity conditions: without equipment, with hand paddles, with parachute, and with both hand paddles and parachute. Relative stroke phase duration of each arm, swimming velocity, and stroke rate were analysed from video (60 Hz). The index of coordination was quantified based on the lag time between propulsive phases of each arm, which defined the coordination mode as catch-up, opposition or superposition. The stroke rate decreased in all conditions (P < 0.05) and swimming velocity decreased with parachute and with paddles + parachutes (P < 0.05). The coordination mode changed from catch-up in free swimming (-2.3 ± 5.0%) to opposition with paddles (-0.2 ± 3.8%), parachute (0.1 ± 3.1%), and paddles + parachute (0.0 ± 3.2%). Despite these variations, no significant differences were observed in relative duration of right and left arm-stroke phases, or in index of coordination. We conclude that the external resistances analysed do not significantly influence stroke phase organization, but, as a chronic effect, may lead to greater propulsive continuity.     

The role of athlete narcissism in moderating the relationship between coaches' transformational leader behaviors and athlete motivation

Leadership research that examines follower characteristics as a potential moderator of leadership effectiveness is lacking. Within Bass's (1985) transformational leadership framework, we examined follower narcissism as a moderator of the coach behavior-coach effectiveness relationship. Youth athletes (male = 103, female = 106) from the Singapore Sports Academy (mean age = 14.28, SD = 1.40 years) completed the Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory (Callow, Smith, Hardy, Arthur, & Hardy, 2009), the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988), and indices of follower effort. Multilevel analyses revealed that athlete narcissism moderated the relationship between fostering acceptance of group goals and athlete effort and between high performance expectations and athlete effort. All the other transformational leader behaviors demonstrated main effects on follower effort, except for inspirational motivation.     

Daredevils and early birds: Belgian pioneers in automobile racing and aerial sports during the belle époque

During the belle époque, Belgium was a trend-setting nation in many domains, including motorised sports. Belgian automobile racers and pilots shattered world records and became international stars. Striking was the shift in sports. Indeed, around 1896, sporting members of the leisure class stepped from the bicycle into the automobile and, around 1908, from the automobile into the airplane. Although these motorised sports were extremely expensive, this article shows that sportsmen and sportswomen from the working class could achieve upward social mobility through their performances. The achievements of these motorised pioneers had a major impact and wide-ranging significance. They laid the foundations for the expansion of the automobile industry and the emergence of civilian and military aviation.     

以艺术为名，“艺”境对话公众

在工业设计领域里,一件好的产品除了其本身的设计、制作之外,如何让产品落地,走入寻常百姓的生活中往往是最难以把握的一点。从那些耀然跨世的杰作身上,你总能找到许多真正抓住人们日常生活细节的亮点。     

最值钱的宝贝

霍尔沃与他的母亲住在比约斯托大森林附近的一间小屋里。为了维持母子俩的生活,霍尔沃的母亲从早到晚都在缝制衣服。她的手掌因此结满了老茧,她的视力也因长期在昏暗的灯光下工作而降低了。她只有一件破旧的羊毛披肩,在冬天缝制衣服时,经常冷得发抖,不停咳嗽。霍尔沃憎恨自己年龄太小而帮不上母亲的忙。冬夜,看到母亲的身体在微微颤抖,霍尔沃说：＂妈妈,我长大后,一定要赚很多很多的钱。到那时,我会给你买很多很多衣服,     

电脑杀手(3)

_*-;“;__’__-H;·_:;;_;《____∞“■ih‘;;_;‘#‘_i～早餐时,詹妮发现爸把松饼薄片放进箱中时手不住地上摆动,表情很痛苦。发}生了什我刚刚被烤箱织旅磁雹了一下。会不会是齐佩在烤箱的电线里做了手脚?中午,在学校餐厅里, 艾普詹妮见到了两 丽尔,个伙伴。道格,弃佩可能已经开始向我们报复了。下午放学,詹妮回到家,看见妈妈正用手在厨房的洗涤槽里拨弄着什么。几分神前废物处理器还在运转.呢7妈妈!快把手拿出来!快!一声巨响,废物处理器启动了。再晚___。步,凯乐太太的手就要变成肉酱了。詹妮拨通了艾普丽尔的电话。 电话里传来一个熟悉…     

绿色的田野

~~绿色的田野@T.吉尔基森!美国 @R.德尔!美国 @F.米勒 @陶桂年~~     

博物馆之夜

变成木乃伊升降机到三楼时没停,贾森从里边伸出手,我一把抓住。升降机继续往二楼跑,但我的一只胳膊、头和一半肩膀都在三楼。“帮帮我!”贾森对贾尼丝和卡拉喊。三个人合力把我拉了出来,只差一点儿我就要掉下去了。我缓过气来,说:“快离开这里,有人看见我进了升降机。”事实上我已经听见脚步声了。我们四个人跨进走廊,拼命地跑,想离那脚步声远一点,再远一点。我手里还拿着电筒,但背包落〔là〕在馆长办公室了。面前又出现一道门,后面的脚步声越来越响。“我们不能总这样跑。”贾尼丝说。“今晚恐怕出不去了,不如找个地方先躲起来。”我说。…