Fluid balance of elite Brazilian youth soccer players during consecutive days of training

In this study we investigated pre-training hydration status, fluid intake, and sweat loss in 20 elite male Brazilian adolescent soccer players (mean?±?s: age 17.2?±?0.5 years; height 1.76?±?0.05?m; body mass 69.9?±?6.0?kg) on three consecutive days of typical training during the qualifying phase of the national soccer league. Urine specific gravity (USG) and body mass changes were evaluated before and after training sessions to estimate hydration status. Players began the days of training mildly hypohydrated (USG?>?1.020) and fluid intake did not match fluid losses. It was warmer on Day 1 (33.1?±?2.4°C and43.4?±?3.2% relative humidity; P?相似文献   

The Self-Governing Journal

This article offers a distinctively rhetorical perspective on civil society that critically evaluates the relevant communication networks and informal associations in terms of their ability to mediate citizen understandings of public issues and facilitate effective public advocacy and rhetorical action. Particularly important is the role of rhetorical invention. By providing the space in which citizens collaborate, deliberate on issues of public importance, and plan courses of action, civil society acts as a type of incubator for rhetorical invention. The Highlander Folk School serves as an exemplar of how associations of civil society facilitate political awareness and democratic action. The conclusion considers potential advantages of studying civil society from a rhetorical perspective, using the Highlander case and its contributions to the civil rights movement as a starting point from which to address the interrelationships among civil society, democratic action, and rhetorical invention.     

DEVELOPING A DIGITAL REPOSITORY FOR A HUMANITIES RESEARCH NETWORK: THE PIONEER PROJECT

The Australian Research Council's Network for Early European Research (NEER) is a recent initiative aimed at broadening and deepening research in the field of medieval and early modern European studies. An integral part of the Network is its Digital Services Programme, which integrates a range of digital strategies designed to advance the Network's goals. Among these strategies is a project to develop a national discipline-based digital repository known as PioNEER. This paper looks at the issues that have arisen in the course of this project.     

Destabilising equilibriums: harnessing the power of disruption in participatory action research

ABSTRACT

This article draws on insights gained from three projects described as participatory action research (PAR) undertaken in the UK. What binds them together is that each project coordinator raised the issue of the under-representation of opportunities for disruption in the possible trajectory to knowledge democracy.

PAR places a relational process at the centre of the research practice. It brings together people with varied knowledges, perspectives and experiences and aspires to be a non-hierarchical, relational, collaborative endeavour. This challenges the traditional hierarchical hegemony of the external expert in research situations. Bringing people together does not, however, equate to shared agency, authentic participation and knowledge democracy. For different knowledges to be created previous knowledges need to be disrupted.The argument raised in this paper is that a neglected element of PAR has been the deliberate intent to nurture disruption within communicative spaces in relationally based engagements. It is posited that the disruption of beliefs and assumptions that underpin local actions, is an important enabler of other voices and knowledges being recognised and acted upon. The three projects described reveal how and why the harnessing of power through disruption contributes to creating a functional knowledge democracy for more radical change.     

Pre-game hydration status, sweat loss, and fluid intake in elite Brazilian young male soccer players during competition

In this study, we assessed the pre-game hydration status and fluid balance of elite young soccer players competing in a match played in the heat (temperature 31.0 ± 2.0 ° C, relative humidity 48.0 ± 5.0%) for an official Brazilian soccer competition. Fluid intake was measured during the match, as were urine specific gravity and body mass before and after the game to estimate hydration status. Data were obtained from 15 male players (age 17.0 ± 0.6 years, height 1.78 ± 0.06 m, mass 65.3 ± 3.8 kg); however, data are only analysed for 10 players who completed the full game. The mean (± s) sweat loss of players amounted to 2.24 ± 0.63 L, and mean fluid intake was 1.12 ± 0.39 L. Pre-game urine specific gravity was 1.021 ± 0.004, ranging from 1.010 to 1.025. There was no significant correlation between sweat loss and fluid intake (r = 0.504, P = 0.137) or between urine specific gravity and fluid intake (r = -0.276, P = 0.440). We conclude that young, native tropical soccer players started the match hypohydrated and replaced about 50% of the sweat lost. Thus, effective strategies to improve fluid replacement are needed for players competing in the heat.     

美国早期特殊教育立法与实践新进展

美国政府颁布的<障碍者教育法案(2004)>是当前与美国早期特殊教育关系最密切的法案,对美国早期特殊教育的发展产生了重大影响.该法案的最新修订文本中增加佑了可以获得早期特殊教育服务的障碍类型,对早期特殊教育教师提出了更高的资质要求,进一步强调了家长的权利和义务.也对早期特殊教育服务两个阶段问的衔接作出了新的规定.美国早期特殊教育立法注重科学性和发展性,注重提高教师专业素质,强调多学科协作和家长参与,这些经验值得我们借鉴.