Orthographic knowledge, the general ability to learn, store, and use information about the orthographic form of words (Stanovich & West, 1989), is a crucial skill for supporting literacy. Although the development of first language (L1) orthographic awareness is impacted by the characteristics of a learner’s L1 writing system, relatively little is known about what impact the L1 may have on second language (L2) orthographic awareness. In this study, English language learners from three L1s (French, Hebrew, Mandarin Chinese), plus L1 English speakers, were tested on their English spelling knowledge using a word-pseudohomophone discrimination task. In addition to allowing for the cross-linguistic comparisons, items were designed to examine whether learners had differing performance on pseudohomophones (misspellings) that targeted vowels versus consonants. Consistent with previous research (e.g., McBride-Chang, Bialystok, Cong, & Li, 2004), the L1 Chinese speakers had the highest (L2) accuracy, followed by the L1 Hebrew and the L1 French speakers. The participants from non-alphabetic languages (Hebrew and Chinese) had significantly lower accuracy on items with misspellings involving vowels compared to consonants, and the size of the vowel-consonant accuracy difference varied substantially across L1 groups. The results demonstrate that the characteristics of a learner’s L1 writing system, particularly the existence of vowel and consonant graphemes, impact the development of L2 orthographic knowledge and sensitivity to different types of word misspellings. 相似文献
Drawing from ethnographic data, this paper explores how African American male teachers working with African American male
students performed their pedagogy. This paper highlights how teachers’ understanding of African American males social and
educational needs shaped their pedagogical performance. Interestingly however, teachers’ performance was contingent on the
diverse ways they imagined African American males should engage within their social and political worlds. These findings suggest
then that African American male teachers’ pedagogic performances were both complex and multifaceted. 相似文献
Zwartjes, Otto, ed. La Sociedad andalusí y sus tradiciones literarias (Foro Hispánico, 7). Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994.
Brincat, Joseph M. Malta 870–1054: Al‐Himyai's Account and its Linguistic Implications. Malta: Said International Ltd., 1995. 52pp.
Sells, Michael A. Mystical Languages of Unsaying. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994. 316 pp., US$18.95 (paperback), US$49.91 (cloth).
Diem, Werner, Arabische Geschäftsbriefe des 10. bis 14. Jahrhunderts aus der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek in Wien (Documents Arabica Antiqua 1), 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1995. Textband ix+518pp., Tafelband 76 plates.
Coope, Jessica A. The Martyrs of Cordoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. xvii+113 pp., US$ 25 (cloth).
Edwards, John. Religion and Society in Spain, c.1492 (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS 520). Aldershot and Brookfield: Variorum, 1996. x+351 pp., US$ 97.00 (cloth).
Tolan, John Victor, ed. Medìeval Christian Perceptions of Islam. A Book of Essays (Garland Medieval Casebooks, Volume 10). New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996. xxi+414 pp., US$60.00 (cloth). 相似文献
The present study considered the reliability and validity of the 78-item revised version of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire, a multidimensional instrument aimed at measuring multicultural effectiveness of expatriate employees and students. The questionnaire includes scales for cultural empathy, open-mindedness, emotional stability, social initiative and flexibility. Participants were native and foreign students of an international business school (N=171) in the Netherlands. The MPQ scales appeared to be more strongly predictive of adjustment of international students as compared to native students. Moreover, the instrument was able to explain variance in students’ adjustment beyond self-efficacy. 相似文献
The antioxidants are essential molecules in human system but are not miracle molecules. They are neither performance enhancers
nor can prevent or cure diseases when taken in excess. Their supplemental value is debateable. In fact, many high quality
clinical trials on antioxidant supplement have shown no effect or adverse outcomes ranging from morbidity to all cause mortality.
Several Chochrane Meta-analysis and Markov Model techniques, which are presently best available statistical models to derive
conclusive answers for comparing large number of trials, support these claims. Nevertheless none of these statistical techniques
are flawless. Hence, more efforts are needed to develop perfect statistical model to analyze the pooled data and further double
blind, placebo controlled interventional clinical trials, which are gold standard, should be implicitly conducted to get explicit
answers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and catalase are termed as primary antioxidants as these scavenge
superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. All these three enzymes are inducible enzymes, thereby inherently meaning that body
increases or decreases their activity as per requirement. Hence there is no need to attempt to manipulate their activity nor
have such efforts been clinically useful. SOD administration has been tried in some conditions especially in cancer and myocardial
infarction but has largely failed, probably because SOD is a large molecule and can not cross cell membrane. The dietary antioxidants,
including nutrient antioxidants are chain breaking antioxidants and in tandem with enzyme antioxidants temper the reactive
oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) within physiological limits. Since body is able to regulate its own
requirements of enzyme antioxidants, the diet must provide adequate quantity of non-enzymic antioxidants to meet the normal
requirements and provide protection in exigent condition. So far, there is no evidence that human tissues ever experience
the torrent of reactive species and that in chronic conditions with mildly enhanced generation of reactive species, the body
can meet them squarely if antioxidants defense system in tissues is biochemically optimized. We are not yet certain about
optimal levels of antioxidants in tissues. Two ways have been used to assess them: first by dietary intake and second by measuring
plasma levels. Lately determination of plasma/serum level of antioxidants is considered better index for diagnostic and prognostic
purposes. The recommended levels for vitamin A, E and C and beta carotene are 2.2–2.8 μmol/l; 27.5–30 μmol/l; 40–50 μmol/l
and 0.4–0.5 μmol/l, respectively. The requirement and recommended blood levels of other dietary antioxidants are not established.
The resolved issues are (1) essential to scavenge excess of radical species (2) participants in redox homeostasis (3) selective
antioxidants activity against radical species (4) there is no universal antioxidant and 5) therapeutic value in case of deficiency.
The overarching issues are (1) therapeutic value as adjuvant therapy in management of diseases (2) supplemental value in developing
population (3) selective interactivity of antioxidant in different tissues and on different substrates (4) quantitative contribution
in redox balance (5) mechanisms of adverse action on excess supplementation (6) advantages and disadvantages of prooxidant
behavior of antioxidants (7) behavior in cohorts with polymorphic differences (8) interaction and intervention in radiotherapy,
diabetes and diabetic complications and cardiovascular diseases (9) preventive behavior in neurological disorders (10) benefits
of non-nutrient dietary antioxidants (11) markers to assess optimized antioxidants status (12) assessment of benefits of supplementation
in alcoholics and heavy smokers. The unresolved and intriguing issues are (1) many compounds such as vitamin A and many others
possessing both antioxidant and non-antioxidant properties contribute to both the activities in vivo or exclusively only to
non-antioxidant activity and (2) since human tissues do not experience the surge of FR, whether there is any need to develop
stronger synthetic antioxidants. Theoretically such antioxidants may do more harm than good. 相似文献