新《义务教育法》的突破与创新

有效解决我国义务教育改革发展面临的重大问题是修订1986年《义务教育法》的根本动因。新《义务教育法》在义务教育法的立法目的、义务教育的基本性质、经费投入、政府责任、学校安全、教育公平与均衡发展、教师队伍、法律责任等方面都有一些新的、重大的突破。这部《义务教育法》是我国义务教育立法和义务教育发展进程中的一个新的里程碑。     

Practical Applications as a Source of Credibility: A Comparison of Three Fields of Dutch Academic Chemistry

In many Western science systems, funding structures increasingly stimulate academic research to contribute to practical applications, but at the same time the rise of bibliometric performance assessments have strengthened the pressure on academics to conduct excellent basic research that can be published in scholarly literature. We analyze the interplay between these two developments in a set of three case studies of fields of chemistry in the Netherlands. First, we describe how the conditions under which academic chemists work have changed since 1975. Second, we investigate whether practical applications have become a source of credibility for individual researchers. Indeed, this turns out to be the case in catalysis, where connecting with industrial applications helps in many steps of the credibility cycle. Practical applications yield much less credibility in environmental chemistry, where application-oriented research agendas help to acquire funding, but not to publish prestigious papers or to earn peer recognition. In biochemistry practical applications hardly help in gaining credibility, as this field is still strongly oriented at fundamental questions. The differences between the fields can be explained by the presence or absence of powerful upstream end-users, who can afford to invest in academic research with promising long term benefits.     

Making Political Anger Possible: A Task for Civic Education

The article asks whether political anger has a legitimate place in a democracy, as this is a political system designed to resolve conflicts by peaceful negotiation. It distinguishes personal from social anger and political anger, to focus explicitly on the latter. It argues that both the feeling and expression of political anger are subject to normative constraints, often specific to social status and gender. The article examines arguments, including those of Seneca, in favour of an anger‐free society. It concludes, however, that a democracy cannot dispense with political anger, which has a vital role to play in protecting things of value. This role demands a civic education such that when democratic values are under threat citizens will not feel apathetic or simply fearful, but angry and possessed of a repertoire of ways of expressing democratic anger.     

Police power

He (the constable) will be civil and obliging to all people of every class and rank. He must be particularly cautious not to interfere idly or unnecessarily in order to make a display of his authority. … if he does his duty in a quiet and determined manner such conduct will probably excite the well-disposed of the bystanders to assist him if he requires them…particular care is to be taken that the constables of the police do not form false notions of their powers and duties. Initial regulations of the Metropolitan Police, 1829.