Anwendungs- und Transaktionsisolation unter Java

Zusammenfassung  Die Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE, frühere Bezeichnung: J2EE) wurde entwickelt, um den Einsatz von Java in unternehmenskritischen Transaktionsanwendungen, wie etwa Finanzbuchhaltungs- oder Warenwirtschaftssystemen, zu erm?glichen. Die Programmierung ist jedoch immer noch sehr aufwendig, wenn es darum geht, die Isolation parallel laufender Transaktionen zu gew?hrleisten. Die Einhaltung der Transaktionsisolation ist eine Grundvoraussetzung, um die zugrunde liegenden Daten in einem konsistenten Zustand zu halten. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert die existierenden Probleme und gibt einen überblick über die derzeitig verfügbaren oder diskutierten L?sungsans?tze. CR subject classification  A.1 ; D.3.2 ; D.3.4 ; D.4.1     

Film als Medium religiöser Bildung

Zusammenfassung Die Praktische Theologie protestantischer Pr?gung beginnt, den Film als Medium religi?ser Bildung zu entdecken. Diese Entwicklung steht im Kontext einer generellen kulturhermeneutischen Orientierung der Praktischen Theologie, die die Auseinandersetzung mit religi?sen Ph?nomenen auch au?erhalb des traditionellen Christentums vorantreibt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist deutlich geworden, dass die Erz?hlungen der audiovisuellen Medienkultur und insbesondere der Kinofilm wichtige Sinndeutungsfunktionen von der traditionellen Religionskultur des Christentums übernommen haben und damit auch für die Prozesse religi?ser Bildung relevant geworden sind. Der Film ist dabei besonders im Jugendalter von Bedeutung, insbesondere der Spielfilm fungiert als wichtige Ressource für die Sinn- und Wertorientierung Jugendlicher. Dass und wie religi?se Sinnmuster in Filmen von den Rezipienten auch aufgegriffen werden, zeigen erste Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojektes am Berliner Seminar für Praktische Theologie am Beispiel des Films „Cast Away — Verschollen“ (USA 2001). Vor diesem Hintergrund und auf der Basis eines an überlegungen von Volker Ladenthin anknüpfenden Verst?ndnisses von Bildung als Selbstbildung wird die Auseinandersetzung mit Kinofilmen als wichtige Aufgabe eines Religionsunterrichtes eingefordert, der auf der H?he seiner Zeit sein will.

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Summary Film as a Medium of Religious Education Protestant Practical Theology has begun to discover films as a medium of religious education. This development emerges within the context of a general cultural hermeneutic orientation of Practical Theology which encourages the treatment of religious phenomena outside of Christianity’s traditional fora. It is now recognized that stories in the audio-visual media culture and particularly cinematic films have acquired a significant function for making-sense of the world — traditionally the role of religious culture — and have, therefore, become relevant for processes of religious education. Films are particularly important for youth culture and especially movies act as significant resources for young people’s understanding and value-orientation. First results of a research project at the Berlin Institute for Practical Theology demonstrate, using the example of “Cast Away” (USA 2001), that religious patterns of meaning in films are adopted by recipients and how this occurs. Based on this research and a concept of education as self-education pace Volker Ladenthin, a critical treatment of movies is argued to be an important task for religious courses, which strive to be contemporary.

     

Exploration of experimental design and statistical methods using the stick‐on‐the‐wall spaghetti rule

We present a versatile scenario to introduce students to statistics: the test that spaghetti sticks only if sufficiently done. The statistical analyses can be performed at different levels of complexity and formal correctness, adapting it to the students' age.     

Young Children’s Knowledge About the Moon: A Complex Dynamic System

The purpose of this research was to use a multidimensional theoretical framework to examine young children??s knowledge about the Moon. The research was conducted in the interpretive paradigm and the design was a multiple case study of ten children between the ages of three and eight from the USA and Australia. A detailed, semi-structured interview was conducted with each child. In addition, each child??s parents were interviewed to determine possible social and cultural influences on the child??s knowledge. We sought evidence about how the social and cultural experiences of the children might have influenced the development of their ideas. From a cognitive perspective we were interested in whether the children??s ideas were constructed in a theory like form or whether the knowledge was the result of gradual accumulation of fragments of isolated cultural information. Findings reflected the strong and complex relationship between individual children, their social and cultural milieu, and the way they construct ideas about the Moon and astronomy. Findings are presented around four themes including ontology, creatures and artefacts, animism, and permanence. The findings support a complex dynamic system view of students?? knowledge that integrates the framework theory perspective and the knowledge in fragments perspective. An initial model of a complex dynamic system of young children??s knowledge about the Moon is presented.     

Attitudes Towards the Elderly Among German Adolescents

Many societies are encountering significant changes in their population structure as the number of older people is increasing while children and adolescents become fewer. This study examines pupils' attitudes towards elderly people in Germany. A total of 935 pupils (458 boys, 477 girls) participated in this study. Grade distribution was as follows: 192 (5th grade), 148 (6th grade), 208 (7th grade), 219 (8th grade), and 168 (9th grade). We provide evidence for two underlying latent factors, “prejudice” and “appreciation.” The “prejudice” factor contained prejudices and negative attitudes towards old people, and the “appreciation” factor contained items that were positively related to old people. On average, pupils valued old people. Based on a multivariate general linear model, we found a significant influence of gender, grade, and distance to grandparents. Girls valued old people higher, thus rating them higher on the appreciation scale. However, effect size was comparably low. No differences existed concerning the prejudice scale. Grade effects showed that prejudice increases and appreciation declines with increasing age. Distance to their grandparents significantly influenced the attitudes. Pupils with grandparents in the near vicinity valued old people more than pupils with their grandparents farther away. We suggest implementing intergenerational educational programs in primary school and in 5th and 6th grade in Germany.     

The Scientific Film in Research and Teaching in Austrian Universities

Abstract

This short paper highlights some of the problems in making slow motion films of physical events and shows why they are not always as technically efficiently as some people expect.     

The effects of representational format on learning combinatorics from an interactive computer simulation

The current study investigated the effects of different external representational formats on learning combinatorics and probability theory in an inquiry based learning environment. Five conditions were compared in a pre-test post-test design: three conditions each using a single external representational format (Diagram, Arithmetic, or Text), and two conditions using multiple representations (Text + Arithmetic or Diagram + Arithmetic). The major finding of the study is that a format that combines text and arithmetics was most beneficial for learning, in particular with regard to procedural knowledge, that is the ability to execute action sequences to solve problems. Diagrams were found to negatively affect learning and to increase cognitive load. Combining diagrams with arithmetical representations reduced cognitive load, but did not improve learning outcomes.     

Unraveling the influence of domain knowledge during simulation-based inquiry learning

This study investigated whether the mere knowledge of the meaning of variables can facilitate inquiry learning processes and outcomes. Fifty-seven college freshmen were randomly allocated to one of three inquiry tasks. The concrete task had familiar variables from which hypotheses about their underlying relations could be inferred. The intermediate task used familiar variables that did not invoke underlying relations, whereas the abstract task contained unfamiliar variables that did not allow for inference of hypotheses about relations. Results showed that concrete participants performed more successfully and efficiently than intermediate participants, who in turn were equally successful and efficient as abstract participants. From these findings it was concluded that students learning by inquiry benefit little from knowledge of the meaning of variables per se. Some additional understanding of the way these variables are interrelated seems required to enhance inquiry learning processes and outcomes.     

A practical illustration of multidimensional diagnostic skills profiling: Comparing results from confirmatory factor analysis and diagnostic classification models

In recent years there has been an increasing international interest in fine-grained diagnostic inferences on multiple skills for formative purposes. A successful provision of such inferences that support meaningful instructional decision-making requires (a) careful diagnostic assessment design coupled with (b) empirical support for the structure of the assessment grounded in multidimensional scaling models. This paper investigates the degree to which multidimensional skills profiles of children can be reliably estimated with confirmatory factor analysis models, which result in continuous skill profiles, and diagnostic classification models, which result in discrete skill profiles. The data come from a newly developed diagnostic assessment of arithmetic skills in elementary school that was specifically designed to tap multiple skills at different levels of definitional grain size.