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141.
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The Oberstufen-Kolleg is a unique institution at the college level in Germany. Founded in the course of the German `Bildungsreform' during the 1960s, it develops and tries out interdisciplinary courses that aim at the understanding of science by integrating its history and philosophy with the development of society and technology. This paper describes the development of the `historical-genetical approach', its leading ideas, experiences of students and teachers with this approach and perspectives concerning a broader implementation. It also gives some examples how to combine learning of science with learning about science.  相似文献   
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This study examines the impact of universities’ reputation on teaching income and demonstrates how strongly reputation may affect the fees that they can charge. Higher Education is increasingly competitive and international, and institutions are preoccupied with national and international prestige. Research output is demonstrably central to reputation and, specifically, to global rankings, but less has been written about the benefits of high prestige for teaching income and the ability to charge high fees. This article uses English data to show the impact when fees are partially deregulated. Public universities with high rankings in global league tables and on domestic measures can command teaching income per student which is very much higher (in this case typically more than a third) than lower‐prestige institutions. This financial return to prestige further increases universities’ incentives to seek high positions in league tables and establish a reputational brand.  相似文献   
145.
Wir stellen eine prototypische Implementierung einer Sicherheitsarchitektur vor. Sie unterstützt Nutzer und Entwickler verteilter Anwendungen bei der Umsetzung bzw. Integration von mehrseitiger Sicherheit. Nutzer k?nnen Schutzziele wie Vertraulichkeit, Anonymit?t, Integrit?t und Zurechenbarkeit anwendungsbezogen formulieren und ihnen zugeordnete kryptographische Mechanismen konfigurieren. Der konkrete Schutz einer Kommunikation über Datennetze wird zwischen den Partnern ausgehandelt. Heterogenen Anforderungen der Nutzer bzw. Applikationen und heterogenen Eigenschaften der Schutzmechanismen wird durch Architekturkomponenten für Konfigurierung und Aushandlung sowie sog. Sicherheitsgateways Rechnung getragen. Die Architektur setzt jeweils lokal sichere Basissysteme voraus und erm?glicht darauf aufbauend flexible mehrseitige Sicherheit für verteilte Anwendungen.  相似文献   
146.
Despite a professionally recognized need for training in religion/spirituality, literature indicates that religious and spirituality issues continue to be inconsistently addressed in counselor education. Ten experts were asked to identify potential barriers to integrating religion and spirituality into counselor education and indicate strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Barriers included a lack of information and a lack of personal interest or relevance, and strategies included continuing education, heightened awareness of self and others, and curriculum‐specific recommendations. Implications for counselor training and recommendations for future research are discussed.  相似文献   
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Using a large representative database (12,902 matches from the top professional football league in Germany), I show that the number (441) of two-penalty matches is larger than expected by chance, and that among these 441 matches there are considerably more matches in which each team is awarded one penalty than would be expected on the basis of independent penalty kick decisions (odds ratio = 11.2, relative risk = 6.34). Additional analyses based on the score in the match before a penalty is awarded and on the timing of penalties, suggest that awarding a first penalty to one team raises the referee's penalty evidence criterion for the same team, and lowers the corresponding criterion for the other team.  相似文献   
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The purpose of the present study is to examine the language characteristics of a few states' large-scale assessments of mathematics and science and investigate whether the language demands of the items are associated with the degree of differential item functioning (DIF) for English language learner (ELL) students. A total of 542 items from 11 assessments at Grades 4, 5, 7, and 8 from three states were rated for the linguistic complexity based on a developed linguistic coding scheme. The linguistic ratings were compared to each item's DIF statistics. The results yielded a stronger association between the linguistic rating and DIF statistics for ELL students in the “relatively easy” items than in the “not easy” items. Particularly, general academic vocabulary and the amount of language in an item were found to have the strongest association with the degrees of DIF, particularly for ELL students with low English language proficiency. Furthermore, the items were grouped into four bundles to closely look at the relationship between the varying degrees of language demands and ELL students' performance. Differential bundling functioning (DBF) results indicated that the exhibited DBF was more substantial as the language demands increased. By disentangling linguistic difficulty from content difficulty, the results of the study provide strong evidence of the impact of linguistic complexity on ELL students' performance on tests. The study discusses the implications for the validation of the tests and instructions for ELL students.  相似文献   
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