Segregation,integration, inclusion—the ideology and reality in Finland

In this paper, we try to examine the classical sociological points of special education, especially the organizational form of special education, social background of students and the minority status of students. The material of the study was collected mostly during 2003 from one large city in Finland. This city has more than a 100‐year‐long tradition of organizing special education, and it is also still organized very traditionally, that is mainly in special schools. The oldest functioning special education school was founded in 1901. This form of organization based on special schools is no longer typical in Finland. Over 1000 questionnaires were sent to special education school teachers, and students and their parents, as well as to special needs assistants. The percentage of returned responses was between 70% and 80%. Local material is practically the only way to get information of these critical points because of the Act on the Protection of Privacy and the administrative orientation of state statistics. The results show that boys are strongly over‐represented in special education. Over three out of four of the students in classroom‐based special education are boys. According to our comparison, the children from immigrant families account for less than one out of ten students in general education, but in classroom‐based special education they represent nearly 14%, and in part‐time special education as much as one‐quarter (25%). The form of education differs also in regard to the social class of the parents. The parents have been divided into upper, middle and lower social classes according to their occupation. The proportion of upper‐class parents of the student group in general education (42%) is doubled when compared to the parents of both special education groups. The majority of the parents of severe disabled students support the idea of special education schools, but the majority of the parents from the other special education groups are in favour of education in the nearest school.     

Zum Verlauf des Zweitspracherwerbs im Migrationskontext

Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung der mündlichen und schriftlichen Kenntnisse in Deutsch und der Sprache des Herkunftslandes bei Angeh?rigen der ersten und zweiten Einwanderergeneration aus den Gastarbeiter-Anwerbel?ndern, bei Aussiedlern und neuen Zuwanderergruppen wird beschrieben und Erkl?rungsfaktoren für Unterschiede werden mit Hilfe bivariater und multivariater Verfahren untersucht. Die Deutschkenntnisse der ersten Generation steigen zwischen 1984 und 2001 kaum an, wohingegen Aussiedler und Zuwanderer in kurzer Zeit relativ gute Fortschritte aufweisen. Die meisten Befragten sind bilingual. Defizite bei Deutschkenntnissen variieren nach Herkunftsland. Der Zweitspracherwerb erfolgt im Generationenverlauf, d.h. in Deutschland geborene Personen mit Migrationshintergrund haben in der Regel bessere Deutschkenntnisse als die erste Generation. Die Aufenthaltsdauer hat per se keinen Einfluss auf den Spracherwerb, ebenso wie das Geschlecht, w?hrend das Einwanderungsalter und die Schulbildung entscheidende Faktoren sind. Personen mit niedrigem Einwanderungsalter, Personen, die eine weiterführende Schule im Herkunftsland oder eine h?here Schule in Deutschland abgeschlossen haben, haben eine h?here relative Chance, gute mündliche und schriftliche Deutschkenntnisse zu erwerben.      

Processing of phonological,orthographic and cross-modal word representations among adult dyslexic and normal readers

This study examined the extent to which adultdyslexic readers exhibit concurrent deficitsfor phonological, orthographic and cross-modalword representations, and the relationshipbetween these deficits and decoding ability.Participants were 18 phonological dyslexics and19 normal readers at college level. Compared tonormal readers, dyslexics exhibitedsignificantly slower reaction times acrosstasks, and were less accurate on the unimodalorthographic task. Word pattern processing wasmore extensively related to decoding abilityamong dyslexic as compared to normal readers,but more robustly related to baseline measuresof phonological and orthographic processingamong normal readers. The results are discussedin the context of integrating the phonologicaland orthographic aspects of words, speed ofprocessing deficits, and the importance of taskselection when assessing adult dyslexicpopulations.     

Characterization of two-dimensional cellular automata over ternary fields

The set of papers [3], [4], [6] and [7] (Chattopadhyay et al., 1999; Dihidar and Choudhury, 2004; Khan et al., 1997, 1999) deals with the behavior of the uniform two-dimensional cellular automata over binary fields (Z₂). Some structural properties and precise mathematical models using matrix algebra over the field Z₂ are reported for characterizing the behavior of two-dimensional nearest neighborhood linear cellular automata with null and periodic boundary conditions [3], [4], [6] and [7] (Chattopadhyay et al., 1999; Dihidar and Choudhury, 2004; Khan et al., 1997, 1999). In this paper, we characterize two-dimensional linear cellular automata transformations by using matrix algebra built on Z₃. We analyze some results for two-dimensional CA with rule numbers 2460N and 2460P. Finally, we investigate the dimension of the kernel of two-dimensional cellular automata defined by the rule number 2460N.     

整合信息素质教育的文献检索课研究

文章从信息素质教育与文献检索课的相关性出发,讨论了当前文献检索课存在的问题,探讨与研究了以信息素质教育为重点的文献检索课的设计方案.参考文献5.     

基于MATLAB的电路参数影响的分析

电路元件参数的变化会导致电路中各电压及电流的变化,要确定所有的变化关系用手工计算往往比较困难。借助于MATLAB的矩阵运算不仅能获取这些变化关系,而且利用MATLAB的图形功能还能将这些变化关系用曲线描述出来,使其形象直观。     

“经验之塔”对信息技术与英语课程整合的启示

英语教学必须以信息技术为支撑充分发挥自己的学科优势,但如何通过信息技术与英语课程的整合促进英语教育目标的实现,这是一个迄今仍然值得认真加以探讨的论题。目前的英语教学中还存在着教师对整合的内涵理解不到位、多媒体主宰课堂、学生具体经验被忽略等不足。借鉴经验之塔理论,能够为我们解决实践中遇到的问题提供一些启示。     

CRM与企业信息系统的整合研究

企业信息系统的整合是网络技术、信息技术发展的必然要求,ERP、SCM和CRM是企业重要的应用软件,分别侧重于企业内部和客户,是企业信息系统的重要组成部分,对它们进行有效整合,是企业信息化建设的目标。本文在对ERP、SCM和CRM三者之间概念、关系进行分析的基础上,研究了整合实现的方法及模型。     

生态服务型经济的理论与实践

文章试图通过\"生态服务型经济\"这一模式,将中国城乡二元结构中经济和生态方面的显著差异和内在矛盾统一起来。通过对比北京城镇系统与自然系统的差异,以\"生态系统服务\"理论为基础,提出城乡之间可以通过交换\"生态产品\"来进行生态交易。根据享受产品、支持产品和调节产品三类生态产品的特点,可以通过不同方式将生态资源转化为生态产品,并通过附加值交易、生态区交易、碳交易等手段,使其纳入市场运行体系,促进山区农民致富转变和城镇居民生态需求得到满足,从而破解山区经济与生态的矛盾及城乡一体化难题。生态服务型经济将成为北京发展的新亮点,并为我国可持续发展战略和解决城乡一体化问题提供良好的思路和途径。