关于三段论一般规则存在依据的思考

三段论理论是人类有史以来第一个真正的理论体系.选择有效式是构造三段论理论重要的一环.三段论一般规则是一种最简单实用的选择方法,但却存在理由不足的缺陷.包含关系的概念内涵之间所具有的蕴涵关系,能够单一地引申或者说充分地论证三段论全部一般规则,甚至能直接识别出三段论每一个具体的有效式,从而为采用一般规则做有效式选择标准的三段论理论提供了可靠的理论依据.     

三角形重心性质拾趣——兼谈类比方法在初等数学研究中的运用

运用类比推理的方法,将经过三角形重心的直线的性质推广到三维空间,导出经过三角形重心的平面的若干性质.     

图书馆学的科学化与合理性

提出图书馆学的科学化和合理性问题。认为以图书馆这一人文社会现象作为自己研究对象的图书馆学,不可能实现绝对科学化和客观性,图书馆学科学化的实质是图书馆学的合理性,即合规律性与合目的性的统一,构建合理性图书馆学理论必须坚持科学实证与哲学人文建构相结合。     

基于博弈论的海上交通事故案例推理方法及应用

为有效积累和挖掘海上交通事故案例蕴含的宝贵经验和知识,提出一种基于博弈论的海上交通事故案例推理方法。从大量海上交通事故历史案例中提取案例特征构建特征指标集,采用偏好比率法和熵值法分别确定指标主观权重和客观权重,采用博弈论得到综合权重;根据案例特征数据类型,定义不同的指标相似度计算方法,利用灰色关联分析法筛选初始案例组成案例库;结合指标综合权重,构建海上交通事故案例相似度计算模型,进而从案例库中检索出与目标案例相似度最高的案例。通过对海上交通事故应急物资需求的预测,验证了模型的可靠性和适应性,可为海上交通事故发生后的应急决策提供一定的理论参考。     

促进深度学习的教学推理:实践逻辑与策略选择

学生的深度学习是以学生的知识理解与运用为价值取向,以培养学生的高阶思维能力和问题解决能力为目标的一种学习。但知识论证不充足、知识点状分布、绝对真理知识观等表层知识教学已偏离了学习的本质及价值,产生了知识教学阻滞深度学习的困局。教学推理是教师根据已知教学条件及个体情境认知,确定问题并生成教学策略的连续性思维活动。它克服了以往僵化的教学方式,为促进深度学习提供可能逻辑。其中,学科知识逻辑能促进学习触及知识的意义世界,学生经验逻辑能促进学习进入学生的心灵世界,实践自为逻辑能促进学习关联自我的生活世界。最后,促进深度学习的教学推理策略应着力于以"批判与交融"为取向的教学理解,形成以"联结与转化"为纽带的教学逻辑,开展以"假设与证据"为核心的课堂论证教学,创设以"推断与评估"为特质的教学情境。     

Guiding Low Spatial Ability Individuals through Visual Cueing: The Dual Importance of Where and When to Look

Research suggests that spatial ability may predict success in complex disciplines including anatomy, where mastery requires a firm understanding of the intricate relationships occurring along the course of veins, arteries, and nerves, as they traverse through and around bones, muscles, and organs. Debate exists on the malleability of spatial ability, and some suggest that spatial ability can be enhanced through training. It is hypothesized that spatial ability can be trained in low-performing individuals through visual guidance. To address this, training was completed through a visual guidance protocol. This protocol was based on eye-movement patterns of high-performing individuals, collected via eye-tracking as they completed an Electronic Mental Rotations Test (EMRT). The effects of guidance were evaluated using 33 individuals with low mental rotation ability, in a counterbalanced crossover design. Individuals were placed in one of two treatment groups (late or early guidance) and completed both a guided, and an unguided EMRT. A third group (no guidance/control) completed two unguided EMRTs. All groups demonstrated an increase in EMRT scores on their second test (P < 0.001); however, an interaction was observed between treatment and test iteration (P = 0.024). The effect of guidance on scores was contingent on when the guidance was applied. When guidance was applied early, scores were significantly greater than expected (P = 0.028). These findings suggest that by guiding individuals with low mental rotation ability “where” to look early in training, better search approaches may be adopted, yielding improvements in spatial reasoning scores. It is proposed that visual guidance may be applied in spatial fields, such as STEMM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine), surgery, and anatomy to improve student's interpretation of visual content. Anat Sci Educ. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.     

Finding the missing Einsteins: Expanding the breadth of cognitive and noncognitive measures used in academic services

Education researchers, policymakers, and practitioners are concerned with identifying and developing talent for students with fewer opportunities, especially students from historically marginalized groups. An emerging body of research suggests “universally screening” or testing all students, then matching those students with appropriate educational challenges, is effective in helping marginalized students. However, most tests have focused on two areas: math and verbal reasoning. We leverage three nationally representative samples of the U.S. population at different time points that include both novel cognitive measures (e.g., spatial, mechanical, and abstract reasoning) and non-cognitive measures (e.g., conscientiousness, creativity or word fluency, leadership skill, and artistic skill) to uncover which measures would improve proportional representation of marginalized groups in talent identification procedures. We find that adding spatial reasoning measures in particular—as well as other non-cognitive measures such as conscientiousness, leadership, and creativity—are worthwhile to consider for universal screening procedures for students to narrow achievement gaps at every level of education, including for gifted students. By showing that these nontraditional measures both improve proportional representation of underrepresented groups and have reasonable predictive validity, we also broaden the definition of what it means to be “gifted” and expand opportunities for students from historically marginalized groups.     

论重归理性的九十年代报告文学

九十年代的报告文学创作表现出重归理性的写作风格,由衷地歌颂社会进步和英雄人物,理性地剖析批判社会问题,沉静深入地挖掘历史是其发展的三大特点。在社会全面转型的九十年代,报告文学创作的价值是不应被轻易否定的。     

受众认知偏差对传播效果的影响

受众认知偏差是影响传播效果的重要因素之一。文章着重分析角色虚拟、心理期待导致的受众认知偏差对传播效果的影响。传播者应从加强自身的社会责任意识、把握好传播内容的“度”、对信息做背景性的解释三个方面,减少受众的认知偏差。     

Mathematical Modeling in the Primary School: Children's Construction of a Consumer Guide

This paper examines 6th grade children's local conceptual development and mathematization processes as they worked a comprehensive mathematical modeling problem (creating a consumer guide for deciding the best snack chip) over several class periods. The children and their teachers were participating in a 3-year longitudinal teaching experiment in which sequences of mathematical modeling problems were implemented from the 5th grade (10 years of age) though to the 7th grade. In contrast to traditional problem solving, mathematical modeling requires children to generate and develop their own mathematical ideas and processes, and to form systems of relationships that are generalizable and reusable. Reported here is a detailed analysis of the iterative cycles of development of one group of children as they worked the problem, followed by a summary of the mathematization processes displayed by all groups. Children's critical reflections on their models are also reported. The results show how children can independently develop constructs and processes through meaningful problem solving. Children's development included creating systems for operationally defining constructs; selecting, categorizing, and ranking factors; quantifying quantitative and qualitative data; and transforming quantities.