化学教学如何开展STS教育

化学是一门基础性、创造性和实用性的学科,对农业、工业、国防和医药等的发展有重大的贡献,跟现代人的衣食住行用有密切的关系,广泛地影响着现代人类的社会生活。化学工业是21世纪我国国民经济的支柱产业之一,也是上海市新的经济增长点之一。     

Mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by blast furnace slag and steel furnace slag

We report the adsorption of phosphate and discuss the mechanisms of phosphate removal from aqueous solution by burst furnace slag （BFS） and steel furnace slag （SFS）. The results show that the adsorption of phosphate on the slag was rapid and the majority of adsorption was completed in 5-10 min. The adsorption capacity of phosphate by the slag was reduced dramatically by acid treatment. The relative contribution of adsorption to the total removal of phosphate was 26%-28%. Phosphate adsorption on BFS and SFS follows the Freundlich isotherm, with the related constants of k 6.372 and 1/n 1.739 for BFS, and of k 1.705 and 1/n 1.718 for SFS. The pH and Ca^2＋ concentration were decreased with the addition of phosphate, suggesting the formation of calcium phosphate precipitation. At pH 2.93 and 6.93, phosphate was desorbed by about 36%-43% and 9%-11%, respectively. These results indicate that the P adsorption on the slag is not completely reversible and that the bond between the slag particles and adsorbed phosphate is strong. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） patterns of BFS and SFS before and after phosphate adsorption verify the formation of phosphate salts （CaHPO4·2H2O） after adsorption process. We conclude that the removal of phosphate by BFS and SFS is related to the formation of phosphate calcium precipitation and the adsorption on hydroxylated oxides. The results show that BFS and SFS removed phosphate nearly 100%, indicating they are promising adsorbents for the phosphate removal in wastewater treatment and pollution control.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in flue gas emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furalls(PCDD/Fs)emissions in flue gas from two types of municipal solid waste incinerators(MSWIs)most commonly used in China were investigated in this study.The selected incinerators include two grate-type MSWIs:MSWl-A(350 t/d)and MSWI-B(150 t/d),and two fluidized bed MSWIs:MSWI-C(400 t/d) and MSWI-D (400 t/d),which are all equipped with semi-dry lime scrubber and bag filter except MSWI-D equipped with cyclone and wet scrubber(WS)as air pollutant conffol device(APCD).Results indicated that the emission concentration and the international toxic equivalents(I-TEQs)of the PCDD/Fs from the stacks were in the range of 1.210～10.273 ng/Nm3 and 0.019～0.201 ngI-TEQ/Nm3,respectively.They were greatly lower than the emission regulation standard of PCDD/FS in China(1.0 ng I-TEQ/Nm3).However,only the PCDD/Fs emission Ievel from MSWI-C Was below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3.Although the homologue profiles were distinct,the contributions of the 2,3,7,8-subsituted congenem to the total I-TEQ were similar among all the investigated MSWIs.Two major 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners,2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD,account for 47% and 9%(average values)of the total I-TEQ values,respectively.The correlation between PCDD/Fs levels and composition of flue gas Was also discussed.     

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in flue gas emissions from municipal solid waste incinerators in China

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans （PCDD/Fs） emissions in flue gas from two types of municipal solid waste incinerators （MSWIs） most commonly used in China were investigated in this study. The selected incinerators include two grate-type MSWIs： MSWI-A （350 t/d） and MSWI-B 050 t/d）, and two fluidized bed MSWIs： MSWI-C （400 t/d） and MSWI-D （400 t/d）, which are all equipped with semi-dry lime scrubber and bag filter except MSWI-D equipped with cyclone and wet scrubber （WS） as air pollutant control device （APCD）. Results indicated that the emission concentration and the international toxic equivalents （I-TEQs） of the PCDD/Fs from the stacks were in the range of 1.210-10.273 ng/Nm^3 and 0.019-0.201 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3, respectively. They were greatly lower than the emission regulation standard of PCDD/Fs in China （1.0 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3）. However, only the PCDD/Fs emission level from MSWI-C was below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm^3. Although the homologue profiles were distinct, the contributions of the 2,3,7,8-subsituted congeners to the total I-TEQ were similar among all the investigated MSWIs. Two major 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, account for 47% and 9% （average values） of the total I-TEQ values, respectively. The correlation between PCDD/Fs levels and composition of flue gas was also discussed.     

竹材工业加工利用及其经济效益

竹材与木材性质相近，其力学性能优于木材。随着现代科学技术的进步，随着现代科学技术的进步，研究竹材工业利用、化学利用方面已取得明显的进展，主要有竹浆纸、纸板、各种结构的竹质人造板和建筑材料等一批新产品。并已突破手工艺的传统生产格局进入大工业生产领域，开拓了新的商品市场。竹子合理看法制材，可保青山常在。竹材工业利用正在成为我国一个新兴产业。     

金属尾矿智能化综合利用生产研究

针对金属尾矿由于非活性导致利用率较低的问题,本文研究了金属尾矿高效综合利用生产工艺、智能化生产车间、生产执行系统以及智能化核心生产装备,通过充分细化、活化尾矿,生产出活性尾矿微粉并广泛应用,大幅提高尾矿利用率,使尾矿得到高效、综合利用.     

米糠油及其附产品的营养价值及综合利用

米糠是稻谷脱壳后依附在糙米上的表面层,由外果皮、中果皮、交朕层、种皮及糊粉层组成,其化学成分以糖类、脂肪和蛋白质为主,还含有较多的维生素和灰分（主要是植酸盐）。我国是世界第一产稻大国,年产稻谷约2亿t,米糠是稻谷加工的副产品,约占稻谷质量的5％-5．5％,故我国年产米糠在1000万t以上,约占世界总产量的1／3。近年来,众多科学工作者致力于米糠精制综合利用,取得了丰硕的成果和良好的效益。     

用概念图复习人体“消化、呼吸、循环、泌尿”的教学

北师大版七年级《生物学》（下册）第8章“人体的营养”、第9章“人体内的物质运输”、第10章“人体的能量供应”以及第11章“人体代谢废物的排出”中涉及“循环”、“消化”、“呼吸”、“泌尿”等相关知识。人体呼吸系统获得的氧气,消化系统获得的养料,细胞代谢产生的废物,都必须通过循环系统运输才能送达细胞和排出体外,相关知识联系紧密,很适合应用概念进行复习教学。