The Seljuk Sultanate of Rūm and the Turkmen of the Byzantine frontier, 1206–1279*

This article examines the frontier between the Seljuk Sultanate of Rūm and its Byzantine neighbours in the thirteenth century, concentrating on the place of these frontier districts within the Seljuk state. Scholarship on the frontier, influenced by the ideas of Paul Wittek, has seen it as something of a “no man's land”, politically, economically, culturally and religiously distinct from the urban heartland of the Seljuk sultanate in central Anatolia, dominated by the nomadic Turks, the Turkmen, who operated largely beyond sultanic control. It is often thought that the Seljuk and Greek sides of the border shared more in common with each other than they did with the states of which they formed a part. In contrast, this article argues that in fact the western frontier regions were closely integrated into the Seljuk sultanate. Furthermore, with the Mongol domination of the Seljuk sultanate in the second half of the thirteenth century, the Seljuk and Mongol elites became increasingly involved in this frontier region, where some of the leading figures of the sultanate had estates and endowments.     

The Byzantines and Saladin: Some Further Arguments

This is the second of two articles by the same author arguing against the thesis that there was a conspiracy between the Byzantine emperors and Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria, against the crusader states and the Third Crusade in the 1180s. While the focus of the first article was primarily on the Latin sources, the present study shifts the focus to the Arabic primary material, hitherto largely neglected or inadequately treated by modern historians. Through a critical re-examination and re-interpretation of the Arabic sources, backed by the introduction and discussion of new Latin material when necessary, this article presents expanded arguments on the relations between the Byzantine Empire, the Sultanate of Konya and Saladin in the 1180s. The conclusions lend further support to the view that the Byzantine rulers and Saladin never concluded an alliance against the Latin settlers of Outremer and the Third Crusade.     

Government,Church and Māori Responses to Mākutu (Sorcery) in New Zealand in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

ABSTRACT

Traditionally Māori attributed disease to supernatural causes, including mākutu (sorcery) and, as with some other indigenous cultures, considered that killing sorcerers was both just and right. Belief in mākutu ran counter to the Church's desire to gain religious primacy, and mākutu-related murders challenged the State's claim to sovereignty, and its desire to ‘civilize’ Māori. Each indigenous society possesses unique characteristics, just as the nature of each settler society develops within its own environment. While some similarities with other colonized societies can be identified, distinctive local conditions influenced the relationship of Māori to the New Zealand colonial state, and thus attitudes and actions relating to sorcery-related crime. This article explores how mākutu brought Māori communities into conflict with both Church and State, and how the latter in particular was constrained by political realities. As the nineteenth century came to an end, the murders had largely ceased and the State and Church became more concerned with Māori spiritual healers. The article also shows that Māori reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took a lead in changing Māori attitudes.     

Islamic Historians of the Ayyūbid Era and Muslim Rulers from the Early Crusading Period: A Study in the Use of History

This article examines the presentation of Muslim rulers from the early crusading period, 490–540/1097–1146 in six of the main chronicles written during the first half of the seventh/thirteenth century. It discusses the themes, ideas and topoi in each, demonstrating that the historians appear to have been divided into two ‘camps’ over their presentation of these rulers, based on their personal views of the rulers of their time. The article also examines why this division may have occurred, and considers its ramifications for modern scholarship of Arabic historiography, Islamic history and the history of the Crusades, in both the sixth/twelfth and seventh/thirteenth centuries.     

对我国3位优秀110m栏运动员的技术特征的分析研究

运用文献资料、数理统计法和比较分析法 ,对我国 3位优秀 110m栏运动员的比赛技术参数进行分析研究 ,并把部分技术参数与国外优秀选手进行对比 ,发现我国 3位选手在平跑能力、全程跨栏步步长、全程分栏时间与速度、过栏时间方面存在着不足 ,这些都有待于今后改进和提高。     

刘静100m栏全程运动学特征研究

本文以中国优秀跨栏跑运动员刘静为研究对象,通过全程跟踪摄像获得她的2006年全国大奖赛比赛总决赛比赛录像,并对录像进行解析,结合问卷调查、教练访谈、文献检索等方法,得到刘静100m栏全程运动学指标,与世界上其他优秀跨栏跑运动员进行对比分析研究。 结果表明,与国外优秀跨栏跑运动员相比,她的腾空过栏时间较短,具有一定的优势;在起跑速度以及最高分栏速度方面存在着差距,专项速度耐力水平以及冲刺能力相对较差,但全程栏的节奏较为合理。     

女子竞走运动员蒋秋艳竞走技术的生物力学分析

采用摄像及录像解析等研究方法,对天津师范大学优秀女子竞走运动员蒋秋艳的技术进行生物力学研究与分析。研究表明,蒋秋艳的步长、步频、足触地角度及支撑腿各阶段的膝角合理,单步腾空时间在模糊腾空时限,但身体重心上下起伏偏大(>5cm),容易造成犯规,需要在以后的训练中予以纠正。     

放松技术对提高100m跑成绩的实验研究

通过文献资料法、实验法、数理统计法等方法,对20名田径运动员进行实验研究,对实验组采用放松能力训练,对照组则采用传统的速度力量训练,结果表明,在100米起跑阶段,放松技术的作用并不显著,在途中跑和冲刺跑阶段,掌握放松技术对于提高成绩的作用显著,教练员在短跑的途中跑和冲刺跑训练中应适当地加入放松跑技术的训练,让运动员体会放松跑的概念,并运用到平时的训练与比赛中,提高100米跑的成绩。     

青少年男子400m跑项目分段计时训练的研究分析

运用文献资料法、数理统计法、对比分析法、实验法等方法对男子400m跑项目进行分段计时研究。研究结果：（1）分段计时跑很好地控制了运动员的节奏,合理的分配了体力,即在第一时段以中强度跑,第二时段以高强度跑,第三时段是冲刺阶段,但往往速度最慢;（2）分段计时训练的学生在心理上和体力上相比于传统训练的学生都占有优势;（3）分段计时法还可以帮助教练员对运动员的跑进行技术诊断;（4）提高运动员的成绩主要从运动员的速度、耐力、时间分配以及训练过程中能量的供应,制定合理的、科学的训练方法。     

对我国部分现役竞走运动员技术分析

依据高速摄影及国际田联竞走规则,对第５届全国大学生运动会男子２０公里 竞走比赛的运动员进行技术分析,结论如下：１．摆动腿摆动时间长于支撑腿支撑时 间。２．摆动腿方向和线路应低平,增加髋绕人体垂直轴的扭转幅度。３．应控制摆动 腿的膝角的最小角度。４．为了减少摆动时间应提高髋和踝的水平速度,５．减少后蹬 角提高重心水平移动速度,提高单步效率。