康熙己未博学鸿儒科与明遗民心态的变迁

博学鸿儒科是康熙帝笼络明遗民的一项政治策略。虽然从表面上来看,这次特科考试在笼络明遗民这一目的上并未取得显著效果,但以康熙十八年博学鸿儒科为转折,明遗民对清朝政权的态度发生了很大的变化。可以说,明遗民心态的变化,使得大明江山丢失了最后的＂领土＂,清朝最终统一了中国。     

基于单片机的电阻炉温度控制系统

介绍了一种基于AT89S52单片机的电阻炉温度控制系统,阐述了系统的工作原理、硬件电路以及软件设计。详细论述了数字PID控制器的原理及其在温度控系统中的应用,将增量式PID和PWM脉宽调制技术相结合,开发了一套温度监控软件。该系统经过实验,取得了较为满意的控制效果。     

基于DS18B20和LabVIEW的温度监测系统

以单总线数字温度传感器DS18B20和16 bit超低功耗MSP430F149单片机为核心,以虚拟仪器软件LabVIEW 8.6为开发平台,设计了一个实时温度监测系统.将DS18B20采集的温度值经MSP430单片机通过USB接口传给LaVIEW进行分析和处理,实现温度的实时监测.实验表明,该系统具有体积小、精度高的特点.     

L’encadrement pédagogique et disciplinaire dans les collèges d’humanités en France du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle

Every day, both the boarders and day‐pupils of the collèges d’humanités spent twice or three times as much time in breaks, study periods and meals as in class. However, although these hours occupied a major place in the lives of these adolescents, they have been much less studied than the teaching dispensed by the teacher, which is considered to be the core of the pedagogic activity. This article therefore endeavours to analyse the way in which pupils were supervised and to determine their out‐of‐class activities. In the most ancient forms of the collège d’humanités, the supervision of pupils outside class corresponded neither to specific personnel nor to specific places. In the early sixteenth century, this work was often undertaken by the régents d’humanités (teachers) themselves, by other pupils (in an activity resembling a form of tutoring), or by a preceptor or tutor. The Jesuits seem to have been the inventors of a new actor in the world of education, the dormitory master or préfet de chambre (praefectus cubiculi), who accompanied the pupils throughout the day and ensured that they worked during the study periods. As early as 1565, in the Parisian Clermont college, the boarders were thus organised into groups of 15 or 20 per dormitory under the authority of a Jesuit. The recourse to these masters spread not only among the Jesuits but also to the Oratorians; to the former medieval colleges which were vigorous enough to modernise; or to the newly founded colleges (as the Mazarin college which opened in Paris in 1688). The pupils who did not live in the colleges (the majority) enrolled in the private boarding establishments near the colleges. These boarding establishments did not merely accommodate the boarders but also catered for genuine non‐residents, who lived with their families and had recourse to them solely for the services of lesson repetition. These masters were in every case defined by their double role of permanent overseers of the boarders and pedagogues in charge of the study periods. They most closely shared the lives of the pupils. They therefore represented a key figure in the years of learning of these young people. This omnipresence covered a double necessity: the educational care of the children, assuming the role of a parental substitute, and the continuous supervision of a community of male adolescents aged from 10 to 20. The fear of misbehaviour, disorder and fighting as well as the attention paid to clothing or appearance appeared constantly in the instructions given to the supervising tutors. Above all, their pedagogic role consisted in ensuring that the personal work given by the teacher was actually done by the pupils. However, they were sometimes entrusted with certain aspects of learning, such as the preparation of text commentaries or the teaching of subjects which were not dealt with in class (history, geography or heraldry). In their organisation, the study periods resembled what happened in class more and more. This article therefore highlights the systematic presence of a means of supervising college pupils outside class and the role played by the supervising tutors in the education of these young people. It also demonstrates the central nature of this supervision in classical education. Contrary to the adult viewpoint (expressed by historians or contemporary witnesses), which is more preoccupied with educational theories than practical implementation, this importance is widely recognised in the memoirs which give the pupil’s point of view and invite us to turn our entire attention to this aspect of the lives of the college pupils.     

发动机转速及进气温度检测系统Proteus仿真

为简化发动机参数检测系统结构,降低系统成本,就转速和进气温度两个参数,用光电开关和数字式温度传感器DS18B20搭建系统,在Proteus虚拟环境下,通过与Keil联合程序调试,成功对系统进行了仿真,并对仿真中出现的问题进行了探讨研究,提出了相应的解决办法,最后对测量误差进行了分析并提出了减小误差的方法。     

热处理对CuCr/1Cr18Ni9Ti结合区的影响

试验研究了热处理对CuCr/1Cr18Ni9Ti双金属复合材料结合区组织和性能的影响。结果表明,热处理后,结合区没有明显的裂纹和脆化现象,界面反应层宽度无明显增加;热处理工艺明显提高了1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢的硬度,界面反应层和CuCr合金的显微硬度略有增加。     

基于PIC18F的医疗超声诊断仪备用逆变电源研制

逆变电源采用AC-DC-AC可控整流加单相逆变的变换模式,以PIC18F1330处理器作为核心控制器件,产生逆变电路所需的SPWM驱动信号,同时完成稳压、过压保护、欠压保护、过载保护及温度保护等功能。所设计的备用逆变电源具有电压稳定、畸变小等特点,经实际使用符合医疗超声诊断仪等医疗设备应急供电的要求,具有很高的实用价值。     

The Role of Education Redefined: 18th century British and French educational thought and the rise of the Baconian conception of the study of nature

The idea that science teaching in schools should prepare the ground for society's future technical and scientific progress has played an important role in shaping modern education. This idea, however, was not always present. In this article, I examine how this idea first emerged in educational thought. Early in the 17th century, Francis Bacon asserted that the study of nature should serve to improve living conditions for all members of society. Although influential, Bacon's idea was not easily assimilated by educational thinkers who remained committed to the traditional aims of teaching about nature. Yet in the second half of the 18th century a change has occurred; educational thinkers started to embrace Baconian ideas and therefore argued that science teaching should be oriented towards generating future scientific progress. Analysing the work of 18th century French and British educational thinkers, this article links the emergence of this new view to developments in the understanding of natural philosophy and to a rising interest in it. It is argued, however, that in themselves, these developments could not adequately explain why Baconian ideas started to influence educational theory in the time in which they did. It is maintained that the incorporation of Baconian ideas into educational thought resulted from a fundamental theoretical shift in the understanding of the role of education itself.     

靶向IL18-EGF融合蛋白的表达及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

人白介素-18(human interleukin 18,hIL18)基因与表皮生长因子受体干扰序列(EGFloop C sequence,EGF)构建IL18-EGF融合基因,利pET32a/E.coli BL21(DE3)表达IL18-EGF融合基因,通过纯化获得有活性的靶向的IL18-EGF融合蛋白,并进行体外细胞试验评价IL18-EGF融合蛋白的抗肿瘤活性.结果表明IL18-EGF融合蛋白能促进人PBMNC的增殖,诱导KG-1细胞分泌IFN-γ、促进肿瘤抗原诱导的B细胞、NK及其CD4+T细胞的活化.     

单总线温度传感器在多点温度测量系统中的应用

介绍了单总线数字温度传感器DS18820在多点温度检测系统中的应用,包括DS18B20的内部结构、工作原理、与单片机的接口连接及软件编程流程图.与传统装置相比.具有结构简单、测温精度高、应用面广等特点.