What Teachers of Science Need to Know about Models: An overview

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the nature of models and their uses in the science classroom based on a theoretical review of literature. The ideas that science philosophers and science education researchers have in common about models and modelling are scrutinised according to five subtopics: meanings of a model, purposes of modelling, multiplicity of scientific models, change in scientific models and uses of models in the science classroom. First, a model can be defined as a representation of a target and serves as a ‘bridge’ connecting a theory and a phenomenon. Second, a model plays the roles of describing, explaining and predicting natural phenomena and communicating scientific ideas to others. Third, multiple models can be developed in science because scientists may have different ideas about what a target looks like and how it works and because there are a variety of semiotic resources available for constructing models. Fourth, scientific models are tested both empirically and conceptually and change along with the process of developing scientific knowledge. Fifth, in the science classroom, not only teachers but also students can take advantage of models as they are engaged in diverse modelling activities. The overview presented in this article can be used to educate science teachers and encourage them to utilise scientific models appropriately in their classrooms.     

Motivation across domains: Do goals and attributions change with subject matter for Grades 4 and 5 students?

This study explored a theory for motivation which included aspects of both attribution theory and goal theory. Motivational variables included beliefs about intelligence (entity or incremental), goal orientation (mastery/learning, performance-approach, performance-avoidance) and avoidant behaviours. Grades 4 and 5 students from a large, metropolitan school district were surveyed regarding these motivational variables across the academic domains of reading and mathematics. The relationships among these motivational variables were explored, as well as differences across domains. A diverse sample allowed differences across ethnic groups and socioeconomic status to be studied. Results indicate that children could have a generalised notion of motivation that becomes differentiated when students are asked to reflect on these variables within specified domains. The existence of few differences across ethnic and socioeconomic groups suggest that instructional style could be a more powerful influence than either of these variables.     

Goal conflicts and self-regulation: A new look at pupils’ off-task behaviour in the classroom

In this paper, pupils’ misconduct in the classroom is interpreted as a change from on-task to off-task behaviour. This change entails a switch from a current learning behaviour to an activity that is more attractive to the student but that is seen as a discipline problem by the teacher. Thus, academic and non-academic goals of pupils rival one another. Motivational conflict theory is used to elaborate on the premise that a discipline problem is a consequence of goal shift. The theory is used to model off-task behaviour as a failure to coordinate academic and non-academic goals, to ask new research questions, and to draw practical conclusions about educational interventions. The paper closes with suggestions about how to strengthen pupils’ ability to coordinate goals and how teaching can fulfil the various needs pupils pursue.     

中国商事合会法制化研究

合会是我国传统的一种民间资金融通方式,其形式多样、种类繁多,其中商事合会是一种由特定企业组织、经营的合会形式.从域外商事合会的发展经验看,商事合会具有风险低、规模大、降低会员时间成本等特点;商事合会在促进民间资本融通、为农村建设和中小企业发展提供资金支持等方面具有重要的作用,因此在金融政策逐步开放、金融环境不断宽松的今天,我国应当通过立法,构建商事合会法律制度,引导和规范商事合会的发展,从而在防范合会风险的同时,充分发挥合会的积极作用,促进社会经济的发展.     

经典测量理论与项目反应理论的比较研究

文章通过对经典测量理论和项目反应理论的模型及其假设、主要概念和参数、测量水平等方面进行比较,廓清了两种理论的联系和区别,明确了两种理论的优势和不足,从而为研究者根据测验实践的要求和各个理论的适用条件选择恰当的分析框架提供思路。     

《平复帖》题跋三考

本文从《平复帖》的题跋入手,结合古今学者对《平复帖》的评述、研究,进行三方面的研究、考证。第一,对当前学术界就《平复帖》作者论争进行梳理总结;第二,对《平复帖》的递藏情况进行了考述;第三,就《平复帖》的风格,尤其是“点画奇古”的特征进行考释。     

人格测量在人员选拔中应用的研究进展

人格五因素模型(FFM)已被广泛证明能预测工作绩效,它在人员选拔中的作用越来越重要,需要在实践中加强其相关应用研究.本文回顾了人格测量在人员选拔中应用的研究进展,以及人格测量、人格五因素模型在结构化面试中评定应聘者人格特质、对个人和团队绩效预测的研究热点问题.人格测量是人力资源管理理论和实践中有创造力的研究方向,有待于验证并在实践中实施.     

基于三方架构的存储备份系统设计与实现

数据是信息的符号,数据的价值取决于信息的价值。由于越来越多的有价值的关键信息转变为数据,数据的价值也越来越高,保证数据的安全及可用性越来越重要。在介绍了数据备份基础知识和备份的几种模型后,提出了一种基于三方架构的存储备份系统,并给出了其设计与实现。     

基于语义和引用加权的文献主题提取研究

[目的/意义]传统的文献主题提取方法主要是通过关键词、摘要、全文等提取文献的主题内容,使得主题内容不全面或存在"噪音",而从文献内容语义出发,结合引用内容提取文献的主题,能够更加准确地提取出多文档的主题内容。[方法/过程]提出一种面向多文档的基于语义和引用加权的科技文献主题提取算法,利用文献的引用内容和关键词构建Labeled-LDA主题模型,形成文档-主题概率向量,再根据K-means聚类方法聚类文档,提取每类文档集的主题内容。[结果/结论]以PubMed生物医学数据库中的数据作为实验数据,测试该方法的可靠性,结果证明该方法能够准确、全面地提取出多文档的主题内容。     

Synthesizing the Indexing and Propaganda Models: An Evaluation of US News Coverage of the Uprising in Ecuador,January 2000

This is a study of US-based print media coverage of the indigenous-led uprising in Ecuador which occurred in January 2000. As a result of having mobilized tens of thousands of Ecuadorans, the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador managed to peacefully force the resignation of a President who had presided over one of the worst recessions in Ecuador's modern history. Nevertheless, most US news dailies covered the affair as if it was purely a military coup and a threat to democracy, in spite of the existence of hundreds of citizen-led, participatory governing councils (called the “People's Parliament,” by Ecuadorans). Previous scholarship on media performance in relation to US foreign policy has proven in a variety of cases to serve as a useful analytical tool and predictive device. This article evaluates the extent that the propaganda model by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, as well as the indexing model by W. Lance Bennett, are instructive in the case of the news media performance of US which covered the uprising in Ecuador.