Being Tested With Inequity A theoretical analysis of legitimate English in IETLS and TOEFL

With the ever increasing popularity of international standardized English proficiency tests,the test takers’ craze for them has nev er been greater.However,the issue of the inequity which comes from the legitimate knowledge which decides a test-taker’s score hasn’t been fully exposed.The theoretical study of this issue in this paper helps explore the legitimate knowledge tested in international English proficiency tests.By examining the legitimate knowledge in the sample tests of IELTS and TOEFL,the study reveals the underlying bias which constitutes a decent score for the test takers.In the end,the study proposes a more balanced assessment model for discussion.     

“测验连接”概念框架演变述评

测验连接是心理与教育测量研究中一个重要的领域,是通过统计方法将一个测验的分数以另一个测验的分数单位表示,或者将两个测验的分数表示在共同的分数量尺上。虽然测验连接有较长的研究历史,但是不同学者对其有不同分类。其中有些分类术语别无二致,但其定义却大相径庭,这使研究者和实践者产生了极大混乱。鉴于此,有必要从历史的角度梳理连接的概念框架及其变化,以便更好地理解和应用测验连接。     

The meaning of pain during the process of embodiment: a case study of trainee modern dancers' experiences of pain

A large number of sociologists have adopted the notion of the embodied subject to escape the trappings of the rational choice theory in sociological analysis. From a phenomenological perspective, the notion of an embodied subject refers to a subject who is in unity with the world. In this paper, I will present my ethnographic study of a group of trainee dancers preparing to embody the world of modern dance. I will present my study of their training experiences as a case of subjects striving to embody a world other than the one they already embody. I observed that pain formed the core part of trainee dancers’ daily experiences. Following Leder's theory of the ‘absent body’ and Bourdieu's conception of the ‘modern social world’, I interpreted trainee dancers’ experiences of pain with respect to the historically shaped collective expectations of the world of modern dance. I argue that their experiences of pain indicate how far along they are in the process of their embodiment of the world of modern dance. As they experience a decrease in the intensity of pain during their training, trainees become closer to embodying the world of modern dance.     

Statistical methods for analysing discrete and categorical data recorded in performance analysis

In this paper, we identify appropriate statistical methods for analysing categorical differences in discrete variables or 'performance indicators' resulting from performance analysis. The random mechanisms associated with discrete events do not follow a normal distribution; that is, the normal distribution is a continuous not a discrete probability distribution. We propose appropriate statistical methods based on two key discrete probability distributions, the Poisson and binomial distributions. Two approaches are proposed and compared using examples from notational analysis. The first approach is based on the classic chi-square test of significance (both the goodness-of-fit test and the test of independence). The second approach adopts a more contemporary method based on log-linear and logit models fitted using the statistical software GLIM. Provided relatively simple one-way and two-way comparisons in categorical data are required, both of these approaches result in very similar conclusions. However, as soon as more complex models or higher-order comparisons are required, the approach based on log-linear and logit models is shown to be more effective. Indeed, when investigating those factors and categorical differences associated with binomial or binary response variables, such as the proportion of winners when attempting decisive shots in squash or the proportion of goals scored from all shots in association football, logit models become the only realistic method available. By applying log-linear and logit models to discrete events resulting from notational analysis, greater insight into the underlying mechanisms associated with sport performance can be achieved.     

大规模国家级选拔性教育考试公平问题的政治学研究

公平是一个政治学概念,考试公平问题是一个政治问题。从这一角度探讨考试公平的重要性、基本原则、如何实现考试公平等问题的基础上提出了初步看法,旨在引起各界对考试公平问题的重视和研究。     

公司股东缺席投票制度的利弊分析及对我国《公司法》的立法建议

股东表决权作为股权的重要内容，直接影响着股东权益的实现。本文对于在股东无法亲自出席股东会时行使表决权的两种重要方式——委托代理投票和通讯表决的利弊进行了深入的分析，并对我国相关立法进行了介绍，对于不足提出了立法建议。     

Competing Discourses and Meaning Making in Talk about Romantic Partners’ Cell-Phone Contact with Non-Present Others

Focus groups were conducted with 51 college students to examine how participants engaged in meaning making about the presence and use of cell phones with non-present others while in the context of dating and spending time with romantic partners. Grounded in relational dialectics theory, qualitative analysis revealed two sets of competing discourses at play in college students’ talk about cell phones: discourses of community and romance and discourses of control and freedom. The interplay of these competing discourses illuminated participants’ struggles with being available to others while trying to provide attention to their dating partners. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

Unequal Division of Type I Risk in Statistical Inferences

Introductory statistics texts give extensive coverage to two‐sided inferences in hypothesis testing, interval estimation, and one‐sided hypothesis tests. Very few discuss the possibility of one‐sided interval estimation at all. Even fewer do so in any detail. Two of the business statistics texts we reviewed mentioned the possibility of dividing the risk of a type I error unequally between the tails for a two‐sided confidence interval. None of the textbooks that were reviewed even considered the possibility of unequal tails for two‐sided hypothesis tests. In this paper, we propose that statistics courses and texts should cover both one‐sided tests and confidence intervals. Furthermore, we propose that coverage, at least in two semesters and advanced courses, should also be given to unequal division of the nominal risk of a type I error for both tests and confidence intervals. Examples are provided for both situations.     

翻译职业资格考试设计原则初探

介绍国内外学者对翻译能力的研究,并根据这些研究,从测试题材选择、题型设置及评分标准三个方面出发,结合职业资格考试的特点,探讨翻译职业资格考试的设计原则,为我国翻译职业资格考试改革提供参考。     

中美大学生道歉策略的比较研究

采用问卷调查的方式,研究美国Concordia大学部分一年级学生及中国昭通师专外语系二年级学生对于道歉策略的选择,通过卡方检验,发现美国学生和中国学生总体上对于道歉策略的选择并未出现显著差异,其中两组学生对于"明晰的表达道歉"及"承担责任"两种策略的使用频率最高,"保证"的使用频率最低,但中国学生对于"允诺"及"对听话人表示关心"两种策略的使用频率明显高于美国学生。