基于关系契约的合同能源管理激励机制研究

针对目前正式契约不能有效激励EPC合作主体共同努力的问题,借助委托代理理论,分析两种不同契约关系下双方的合作关系,探讨关系契约的激励作用.研究表明,在正式契约下节能项目的 系统收益并不能达到最优,引入关系契约之后,通过具有"自我实施"性的承诺可以使双方共同努力,从而使节能项目的 系统收益达到最优.     

科研合著网络资本如何影响科研绩效——来自我国高校科学家的微观证据

本文基于Web of Science核心合集数据库和Incite数据库,运用社会网络分析法构建了北京大学理工科院系科学家科研合著网络,并从社会资本视角,采用动态面板GMM模型探讨了合著网路资本对学科认可、政府认可、市场认可等科研绩效的影响。研究发现：科学家积累更多的社会资本将更有利于提升科研绩效,但不同的社会资本维度对学科、政府、市场不同方面的科研绩效影响方向、影响程度不一。并建议科学家和科研机构要将合作从增量向提质转变,要引入组织协调平衡和优化合作内部结构,要完善科研绩效综合评价。     

刍议学术期刊的特色、质量、影响力

从概念和功能层面上探讨了学术期刊的特色、质量、影响力：特色主要反映的是办刊人的谋略和手段;质量重在它的学术质量,主要反映的是作者的学术水平;影响力主要反映的是受众对期刊的认同程度。尽管三者各具不同的内涵,但均直接或间接反映了期刊学术质量水平的重要性。所以,学术质量是学术期刊发展的核心内容,是其存在的根本价值,提高学术质量水平乃是学术期刊办刊人永恒的第一要务。     

同一处引用多篇文献的著录规范需完善和改进的探讨——以学术期刊参考文献在正文中的标注为例

GB/7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》有关正文中同一处引用多篇文献的规定、标志符号及所提供的示例有欠缺之处,只能表明"阅读型文献"的著录格式,却不能清晰明确地表明"引用型文献"的著录格式。学术期刊编辑对这类文献的标注缺乏统一性与规范性要求,很多期刊正文在同一处引用多篇文献时序号、页码的标注格式及符号标注方式不统一,普遍存在"失范"现象,这种现象无疑会影响期刊编排规范化工作。因此,同一处引用多篇文献的著录规范需完善,期刊编辑的规范著录工作也应不断改进。     

论学术自由与学术规范

学术自由是理智的自由，包括研究自由、教学自由、学习自由。学术自由的内在本质和外部环境决定了学术自由呼唤学术规范。学术规范是理性的规范，包括法律规范、政策规范、制度规范、道德规范。正确认识学术规范的特殊性和合理性是学术规范保障学术自由的必要条件。     

Does performance justify the underrepresentation of women coaches? Evidence from professional women’s soccer

In this paper, the authors empirically analyze the influence of the gender of the coach on team performance in women’s soccer leagues. Moreover, the authors examine the role of initial experience of coaches (as professional players) as an attribute that converges with gender diversity and influence performance. The sample includes the top divisions in France, Germany, and Norway from 2004 to 2017. The results from the regression model show that the gender of the coach is not a significant determinant of team performance (points per game). In addition, the initial experience of coaches does not alter the results. Therefore, managerial decisions of clubs with regard to the employment of coaches should not rely on gender.     

Evening electronic device use and sleep patterns in athletes

The present study aimed to investigate pre-sleep behaviours (including evening electronic device use) and sleep quantity in well-trained athletes. Seventy well-trained athletes (44 females, 26 males) aged 21 ± 4 y from a range of team and individual sports were asked to complete an online sleep diary for 7 days. The sleep diary included questions about pre-sleep behaviours (e.g. napping, caffeine intake), electronic device use in the 2 h prior to bedtime (e.g. type of device and duration of use) and sleep (e.g. time in bed, sleep onset latency). On average, athletes spent 8:20 ± 1:21 h in bed each night. Associations between age, time in bed and sleepiness suggested that younger athletes spent more time in bed (B = -0.05, p = 0.001) but felt sleepier (r = -0.32, p < 0.01) than older athletes. On average, athletes mostly used electronic devices for 0–30 min prior to sleep. The use of multiple devices in the evening was associated with more perceived difficulty in falling asleep (B = 0.22, p = 0.03), but no associations existed with other sleep variables. In summary, younger athletes may require later start times or improved sleep quality to resolve excessive sleepiness.     

A moral basis for prohibiting performance enhancing drug use in competitive sport

A strong moral reason for prohibiting doping in sport is to be found in the bad choices that would be faced by clean athletes in a sporting world that tolerated doping. The case against doping is not, however, to be grounded in the concept of coercion. Instead, it is grounded in a general duty of sport to afford fair opportunity to the goods that are distinctively within sport's sphere of control. The moral reason to prohibit doping need not be balanced against any autonomy claim of athletes who would prefer to dope because, upon closer examination, such claims have no force. The moral reason to prohibit doping does, however, need to be balanced against the enforcement costs imposed on all athletes by effective prohibition.     

Tinkering through transition: on ‘doctoring’ as an early-career academic in physical education and sport pedagogy

This article addresses the notion of ‘making it’ as an early-career academic in physical education and sport pedagogy. In it, we draw on the tradition of material semiotics to reflect on our shared journeys from doctoral student to beginning scholar and beyond. By attuning ourselves to the relationality, materiality and precariousness of our experiences, we offer an answer to the question of what it takes to ‘make it’ as an early-career academic by advocating the practice of ‘making do’ or ‘doctoring.’ We develop this argument, first, by describing the narrative methods we used to conduct our inquiry and by explaining the material-semiotic ideas we used to explore the stories it generated. Then, we tell tales of our transitions from higher degree research student to early-career academic, focusing specifically on our ongoing, collective efforts to make do. In our discussion, we explore these narratives and attend to three features of our actions and activities as early-career academics; namely semiotic relationality, material heterogeneity and the precarious processes of heterogeneous engineering through which we sought to make a career in our field. We conclude by encouraging beginning scholars in physical education and sport pedagogy to become sensitive to these aspects of their own agency, and to experiment, experience and tinker together in ways that are attentive, inventive, caring and persistent.     

Guideposts and Roadblocks to the Career-Long Scholarly Engagement of Physical Education Teacher Education Faculty

Purpose: Scholarship is essential for the growth and development of the physical education field. Over time, scholarship expectations have changed, forcing faculty members to alter time spent for research, teaching, and service. Social-cognitive career theory (SCCT) presents a model for understanding performance and persistence in an occupational environment. The interconnected aspects of SCCT have different emphasis related to self-efficacy, outcome expectations, or personal goals pursuit. This study explored physical education teacher education (PETE) faculty members’ continuing engagement in scholarly activity through SCCT. Method: Data collection included interviews with 9 senior PETE faculty members who met the criteria for “productive scholars over time.” Curriculum vitae were collected to verify productivity. Results: Data analysis revealed guidepost themes that included collaborating, finding balance, defining a research process, and maintaining a strong work ethic. Roadblocks encountered included other obligations and lack of support for research. Conclusions: Participants demonstrated strong self-efficacy; held high, positive expectations for success; and set very specific, clear, and deliberate goals. Participant behavior was moderated by their personal attributes (capacity to build relationships, set goals, and maintain interest and passion) and was tempered by the environments in which they worked. Fostering similar behaviors has the potential to guide future and current PETE faculty members in creating supportive and encouraging atmospheres for sustained productivity. The lack of literature relating to this topic warrants the need for more research exploring the influential factors and benefits gained from sustained scholarly productivity over time for PETE faculty members.