Performing under pressure: Exploring the psychological state underlying clutch performance in sport

Clutch performance is improved performance under pressure. However, little research has examined the psychological state experienced by athletes in these situations. Therefore, this study qualitatively examined the subjective experience underlying clutch performance across a range of sports (e.g., team, individual) and standards (Olympic to recreational athletes). Sixteen athletes (M_age = 27.08 years; SD = 6.48) took part in in-depth, semi-structured interviews primarily after an exceptional performance (M = 4.38 days later; SD = 3.14). Data were analysed inductively and thematically. Clutch states involved 12 characteristics, including heightened and deliberate concentration, intense effort, and heightened awareness, which distinguished the experience of clutch from other optimal psychological states such as flow. Other characteristics, such as perceptions of control, were also reported and supported previous experimental research on clutch. These findings present in-depth qualitative insights into the psychological state underlying clutch performance, and are discussed in relation to the existing literature on optimal psychological states in sport.     

基于大数据的个性化自适应在线学习分析模型及实现

通过大数据学习分析模型,能够深入探究学习者的学习过程与情境,发现学习规律,根据每一个学生的需求和能力为其提供个性化自适应学习。本研究综述了大数据的内涵及应用,从微观视角提出了大数据之“大”,不在于其表象的“大容量”,而在于分析数据的全面性和潜在的“大价值”。基于大数据分析,从数据与环境(What)、关益者(Who)、方法(How)和目标(Why)等4个维度构建个性化自适应在线学习分析模型。以《C语言程序设计》课程学习为例,从基于大数据个性化自适应的学习过程结构、学习过程可视化及学习效果实证等方面进行分析,研究结果表明对学生学习行为与知识掌握的数据分析,能够推荐合理的学习路径与恰当难度的学习资源,可对学生的学习效果做及时准确的反馈,提供个性化服务干预,有利于促进教与学。     

Teaching,teacher formation,and specialised professional practice

This paper starts by exploring the relevance of Bernstein’s work on vertical and horizontal discourses and the constitution of professional knowledge for conceptualisation of the knowledge needed for teaching practice. Building on arguments for the differentiated nature of knowledge, and drawing on the work of Winch, Young and Muller on expertise, and the sociology of the professions, this paper advances a conception of teaching as a ‘specialised professional practice’ that requires the support of particular socio-epistemic arrangements and conditions embedded in professional communities. Prevalent notions of teaching and teacher education that find favour in some European countries are examined in the light of these arguments, with particular reference to recent reforms in England.     

The medicalization of current educational research and its effects on education policy and school reforms

This paper starts from the assumption of the emergence of an educationalized culture over the last 200 years according to which perceived social problems are translated into educational challenges. As a result, both educational institutions and educational research grew, and educational policy resulted from negotiations between professionals, researchers, and policy makers. The paper argues that specific experiences in the Second World War triggered a fundamental shift in the social and cultural role of academia, leading up to a technocratic culture characterized by confidence in experts rather than in practicing professionals (i.e., teachers and administrators). In this technocratic shift, first a technological system of reasoning emerged, and it was then replaced by a medical “paradigm.” The new paradigm led to a medicalization of social research, in which a particular organistic understanding of the social reality is taken for granted and research is conducted under the mostly undiscussed premises of this particular understanding. The result is that despite the increased importance of research in general, this expertocratic and medical shift of social research led to a massive reduction in reform opportunities by depriving the reform stakeholders of a broad range of education research, professional experience, common sense, and political deliberation.     

A Comparative Study on the Two English Versions of Lu Xun’s Stories

The two English versions of Lu Xun’s stories, translated by Julia Lovell and the Rangs, are to be studied from the eco-translatological perspective. A comparative study of the two English versions is m...     

试论高职院校如何开展精细化职业指导

高职院校对在校生开展精细化职业指导,是实现充分就业、高质量就业的需要,也是高校持续发展的需要。高职院校要提高意识,加强精细化职业指导队伍的建设;构建覆盖面广、纵横交错的立体式职业指导教育网络;建立多元评价体系,实现精细化职业指导工作的高效化。     

Building the expert teacher prototype: A metasummary of teacher expertise studies in primary and secondary education

While expert teachers remain a frequent focus of research in education, to date there have been very few attempts to conduct systematic reviews of this literature. This paper presents the findings of the first systematic metasummary of research on teacher expertise in K12 education (primary/elementary and secondary levels), based on analysis of 106 empirical studies from 16 countries involving 1124 teachers identified as experts. The inductively-developed coding framework was applied independently by both authors to the dataset to generate agreement counts for specific coding themes, firstly for specific domains of teacher expertise, and then stratified to compare primary and secondary studies. We present 73 specific features organised into six domains in our expert teacher prototype. Salient findings indicate that, with regard to professional practice, expert teachers reflect extensively and often critically on their practice, help their colleagues frequently, and are continuous learners throughout their careers. Concerning knowledge, we find that expert teachers have well-developed pedagogical content knowledge and knowledge about their learners. In the domain of pedagogic practice, we observe that expert teachers display flexibility in the classroom, build strong interpersonal relationships with their learners, whom they engage through their choice of activities and content, and frequently make use of strategies typically emphasised in both constructivist and learner-centred education literatures. We offer our prototype as a useful initial sketch of family resemblance among expert teachers rather than a checklist of necessary or expected features of expertise, also cautioning that the prototype remains far from complete.     

基于聚集密度的自适应选择多目标进化算法

分析了线性选择方法的两个缺陷,提出了一种基于聚集密度的非线性自适应选择方法。算法基本思想是：首先将每代种群划分成Pareto劣解集和Pareto非劣解集,然后依照个体的聚集密度分别在劣解集和非劣解集中构造一种偏序集,分别按照不同的等概率在这两个偏序集中选择个体,其中劣解偏序集的个体选择概率远小于非劣解偏序集的个体选择概率,根据两个偏序集中的容量自动计算出两个选择概率。这种非线性选择方法既体现了劣解集和非劣解集中个体的绝对平等性及非劣解集对劣解集的相对优先选择权,又充分考虑到了Pareto最优解的分布性。理论分析和数值计算表明,这种新的选择机制不仅能改善排序选择法的收敛性,而且能得到分布性良好的Pareto最优解。     

Situation awareness in sea kayaking: towards a practical checklist

Ever-changing weather and sea conditions constitute environmental hazards that sea kayakers must pay attention to and act upon to stay safe. The aim of this study was to propose a tool to aid sea kayakers’ situation awareness (SA). We developed a checklist guided by theory on the concept of SA and expert problem detection, judgement and decision-making, along with knowledge concerning previous incidents and important risk factors in sea kayaking. The checklist consists of two parts: a guide to how paddlers can improve their SA and decision-making skills, and an overview of what critical factors should be evaluated before and during a sea kayak trip. We argue that the checklist may improve risk assessment and management among sea kayakers, help to prevent distress and future incidents, and ultimately potentially save lives. Finally, we wish to stimulate debate concerning risk management in sea kayaking and outdoor education.     

Stancetaking and Language Ideologies in Heritage Language Learner Classroom Discourse

Drawing on linguistic anthropological notions of language ideologies and sociolinguistic approaches to stance, this study examines the meaning-making resources through which Spanish heritage language (HL) learners orient toward ideological perspectives on language value and linguistic expertise in classroom interaction. Part of a larger ethnographic study, data in the present study include about 26 hours of audio and video recordings from three different intermediate Spanish HL classrooms and filmed interviews with the students. The analysis indicates that discourses of legitimacy and expertise are embodied within multiple levels of classroom interaction, including affective stancetaking, expert/novice positioning, and the reframing of both ascribed social positions and previous discourse. Results suggest that the role of language ideologies in HL learning can be better understood through an examination of stancetaking in interaction and that the construction of different kinds of expertise should be an important consideration in the development of HL instructional practices.