On international trade in educational services: an interpretation of the regulations and China’s WTO commitments

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers educational trade services. Hence, all the regulations of the GATS have to be followed in the international trade of educational services. Having acceded to the WTO, China is starting to fulfill the rights and obligations as a member by completely respecting international trade, services and intellectual property laws. At the same time, it is also starting to fulfill some of the commitments it made in the GATS, such as expanding activities on trade in educational services. Comprehending the fundamental regulations and China’s commitments is significant towards promoting China’s international trade in educational services. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences), 2004 (1)     

开放会计市场急需解决的几个问题

开放我国会计市场 ,急需转变观念 ,增强风险意识 ;健全行业考试制度 ,提高整体水平 ;完善交易规则 ,加快法制建设 ;鼓励会计师事务所联合 ,走规模经营之路 ;建立会计信息中心 ,实现资源共享。     

法律激励理论视角下我国专利池的法律规制完善

专利池在我国正处于发展阶段,有必要加快完善有利于专利池共享平台建设的法律制度环境。通过对专利池的内涵与法律性质分析,运用法律激励理论对我国现行规制专利池的法律制度中的不足进行研究,提出在肯定专利池鼓励竞争与创新、提升质量的正向价值基础上,我国现行法律也应该进行适时调整,扩大专利池激励对象、激励范围与改变激励路径,进一步完善对专利池法律规制的具体规则,为科学发展和技术进步提供更加优良的法制环境。     

Normal versus abnormal genital findings in children: How well do examiners agree?

In order to determine how well medical examiners agree on the significance of certain anogenital findings in children, preselected colposcopic photographs of the anogenital area of 16 patients were shown to 170 medical examiners (82% pediatricians) who were blinded as to the history on each patient. Findings rated most frequently as being suggestive or indicative of penetrating injury included immediate anal dilatation with no stool present (85%), hymenal transection (84%), marked narrowing of the hymenal rim with notching (81%), and a posterior fourchette scar (75%). The agreement between the participants and the experts on the abnormal cases (mean 81%) was significantly higher than on the normal cases (mean 71%, p < .001) and on genital findings (78%) than on anal findings (63%, p = .000). Higher experience level (more cases seen per month) was associated with significantly higher agreement between the participants and the experts on five of eight normal cases and two of four abnormal cases. Use of a colposcope was also associated with higher overall agreement with the experts (74% vs. 44%, p < .0001).     

国民党青年在台湾服贸话语权之争中的集体沉默浅析

《海峡两岸服务贸易协议》引发了台湾反服贸和挺服贸的话语权之争,对台有利的经济协定为何有理说不清引人深思。在宣传上,国民党政府的高层路线难敌反对派的草根动员;反服贸联盟散播错误信息,煽动恐惧和对立情绪使得国民党四处灭火。国民党的四个青年工作组织(国发院、青工会、青年团和青年军)在反服贸学运中表现被动,在沉默的螺旋和推理性动机的作用下,促使挺服贸派在学运前期的集体失语和反服贸派认同感的不断加强。     

我国药品专利强制许可制度的法律规制研究

面对严峻的公共健康形势,药品专利强制许可制度在平衡专利私权与公众健康权之间实现着有效的动态平衡。通过梳理我国药品专利强制许可立法的演变过程,从政策定位、法理依据和社会需求三个层面对该制度存在的现实基础进行分析,指出我国药品专利强制许可制度之所以处于"零实施"的现状,既有政策负效应的障碍,也在制度模式和立法上存在缺陷。进一步明确该制度的政策定位,通过立法完善制度设计,促进该制度在我国的实践落成和法律完善。     

对《政府采购协议》下中国保护本国产业和支持本土创新的建议

本文归纳了发达国家在世界贸易组织(WTO)《政府采购协议》的规则下,通过循序渐进开放本国政府采购市场、保留部分政府采购市场不对外开放、设定合理的门槛价和多种采购方式、制定供应商限制条件和补偿贸易制度,来保护本国产业和支持本土创新,营造提高本土创新能力的环境。我国在加入WTO政府采购协议后为保护本国产业,可以逐步、部分开放政府采购市场,设定较高的门槛价,充分利用发展中国家优惠原则保护本国企业,并将本土创新技术纳入技术和产品标准。     

股票期权与经理人激励

经理人作为现代企业的主要经营者,在企业经营决策与企业内部资源配置方面起着重要作用。对经理人实施有效的激励机制,对企业的健康发展意义重大。股票期权是一种较好的激励方式,具有很强的激励作用,但在实践过程中也暴露出许多问题。对我国实施股票期权制度的问题及其原因进行了剖析,并对我国经理人激励机制的完善提出了一系列相关建议。     

Who is the expert? Construct and criteria validity of student and teacher ratings of instruction

In this article, we examine the construct and criteria validity of student and teacher ratings as indicators of instructional features. As parsimonious measures, student and teacher reports are frequently used to assess aspects of the learning environment. From a methodological perspective, however, both approaches have been questioned. Whereas student ratings are occasionally criticised as being undifferentiated and easily influenced by personal preferences, teacher reports are sometimes considered to be biased by self-serving strategies or teaching ideals. Instead of pitting one method against the other, our study aimed at establishing the specific value of each approach. The analyses draw on data from a German extension to the 2003 PISA assessment, in which 288 mathematics teachers and their students completed questionnaires using identical items to tap various aspects of instruction. Mean student ratings were computed for each class. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed specific conceptual structures for student and teacher ratings, with teachers elaborating on the use of tasks and methods, and students focusing on their teacher’s support in personal and learning matters. Three shared dimensions were also established: occurrence of classroom management problems, degree of cognitive autonomy during lessons, and tempo of interaction. Teacher/student agreement on these dimensions varied across constructs, with considerable agreement on classroom management, low agreement on cognitive autonomy, and no significant agreement on whether or not the interaction tempo was appropriate. Accordingly, correlations with external criteria (student motivation, teacher motivation, mathematical achievement scores, and characteristics of the tasks set in class) also varied across constructs. We conclude that student and teacher ratings are best suited to tapping different aspects of the learning environment, and recommend that care be taken in choosing a data source appropriate for the construct to be measured.

英国百年净价图书制度及其启示

英国净价图书制度存在将近百年,大致经历了形成、成熟与终结三个重要历史阶段。在进行历史梳理的基础上辨析这一制度的历史背景、内在逻辑及借鉴意义,以期为我国出版市场的制度建设提供有益参考。