论审美直觉在爱因斯坦科学创造活动中的作用

作为20世纪的风云人物,爱因斯坦以他在物理学领域的非凡创造而为世人所瞩目。关于他的创新奥秘,多年来人们从众多的角度,进行过广泛的分析。文章试图从审美直觉这一独特视角,就创新动力、创新方向和创新检验三个层面,全面剖析其在爱因斯坦理论创造中的作用。     

Giant magnetoresistance

The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR). GMR is achieved in metallic multilayers, where the resistance of the multilayer changes considerably by the application of a magnetic field. This has paved the way for high density data storage in magnetic media. (left) Debakanata Samal is a research scholar at the Deaprtment of Physics at IISc, Bangalore. His research interests are in magnetotransport in oxide multilayers, spintronics. (right) P S Anil Kumar is an Asst. Professor at the Department of Physics, IISc Bangalore. His research interests are in spintronics, magnetic nano-structures, surface-and thin-film magnetism, magnetotransport in metallic multilayers and oxides, and spin-polarized electron scattering.     

Wittgenstein's ‘Relativity’: Training in language‐games and agreement in Forms of Life

Taking Wittgenstein's love of music as my impetus, I approach aporetic problems of epistemic relativity through a round of three overlapping (canonical) inquiries delivered in contrapuntal (higher and lower) registers. I first take up the question of scepticism surrounding ‘groundless knowledge’ and contending paradigms in On Certainty (physics versus oracular divination, or realism versus idealism) with attention given to the role of ‘bedrock’ certainties in providing stability amidst the Heraclitean flux. I then look into the formation of sedimented bedrock knowledge, or practices of knowing, by comparing Wittgenstein's remarks on animal habituation and initiate training into human forms of life. In the latter case, mastery of techniques—our common education—secures agreement in judgment. Finally, I entertain Wittgenstein's obscure references to Einstein's Relativity in Zettel, showing initiate training as a way of ‘setting the clocks’ with variable degrees of certainty, relative to the language‐games played. Together, these three approaches help us to stop the ‘endless circling’ when philosophers try to address knowledge questions through the logic of object and designation, or verification of correspondence between propositions and things. Instead, attention moves to the way we educate our children and how we employ agreements and bedrock certainties in practices.     

直面“荒诞”的第一人——默尔索的孤独世界

“荒诞”是法国20世纪50年代诺贝尔文学奖获得者加缪哲学美学思想表现的主题之一。加缪认为“荒诞”是人自身与外在世界之间的一种相互冲突与抗衡,更是人对存在本身意义的一种生命意识的关注与反思。《局外人》小说的内核旨要正是对人类生存遭际中“荒诞”感的刻画与呈现,诠释了“荒诞”意识背后隐涵着种种深刻的生命意识哲理,给活在当下的人们以深刻的启悟意义。     

直面荒谬的局外人——历史还原视域下加缪传记比较研究

20世纪80-90年代以来,加缪逐步成为中国人文社科领域研究热点,随着加缪《局外人》、《鼠疫》、《西西弗神话》等作品的引进出版,论文、论著等相关研究成果数以千计,其中大多探讨加缪的文学创作、社会活动、作品艺术、哲学思想,对加缪传记的研究则相对薄弱。从编辑出版学角度出发,结合历史还原与现代阐释相关理论思路,对加缪的传记进行比较分析,既可以拓展加缪研究的路径,也有助于把握数十年来本专题研究的脉动与流变。     

回忆爱因斯坦及予新世纪中国体育事业发展的启示--暨2005年世界物理年、相对论发表100周年、爱因斯坦逝世50周年追忆

借2005年世界物理年、相对论发表100周年、爱因斯坦逝世50周年纪念的历史契机,从结合于体育实践的角度对伟人爱因斯坦进行了迟到的追忆,从中体会到其及予新世纪中国体育事业发展的若干启示,并感悟到竞技体育的“绝对”标准。     

略论爱因斯坦的科学精神与科学思想

爱因斯坦是位伟大的科学家，同时也是一位杰出的思想家。他的怀疑和批判精神，关于自然界统一性的思想和自然科学的唯物主义是引导他取得一系列科学成就的指导思想，并已成为人类宝贵的精神财富，对科学的进步产生了并将继续产生巨大的推动作用。     

How Einstein discovered the Special Theory of Relativity

Contrary to what we learn in textbooks on the Special Theory of Relativity, Michelson-Morley experiment had no direct influence on Einstein’s discovery although he undoubtedly knew about it. At the age of only 16, Einstein imagined himself standing in front of a plane mirror while he himself together with the mirror was being carried forward with the velocity of light. He asked himself the question whether he would be able to see his image in the mirror in such a situation. In trying to solve this problem he thought over the whole foundation of physics with no assistance from any physicist. He, however, profited from some discussions with a few of his colleagues (the main person being Besso) who were unknown to the world of physics. Here we try to reconstruct in our own way the arguments that perhaps led Einstein to his goal. In our effort, we are guided by some of his utterances and interviews given to different people in his later life.     

Teaching,learning and ethical dilemmas: lessons from Albert Camus

Over the past half century, Albert Camus's story ‘The Guest’ has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention. ‘The Guest’ focuses on the ethical dilemmas faced by Daru, a school teacher in Algeria, and the two visitors he receives one day: Balducci, a gendarme, and an unnamed Arab prisoner. This paper addresses Camus's text from an educational point of view. The first section outlines the position taken by Daniel Muhlestein, who analyses ‘The Guest’ in the light of Louis Althusser's distinction between Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs) and Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs). The second section provides an alternative educational reading of the text – one based on the moral complexity of the three principal characters. It is argued that the ethical questions raised by ‘The Guest’ are similar to those faced by many teachers, and that this is a story worthy of continuing educational engagement.     

创新来自独立思考

本文简要介绍爱因斯坦的科学生涯和对他对相对论的研究过程，分析爱因斯坦独创性思维的形成过程，以获得对物理创新教学的一些有益启示。