Ethical Rationales and Guidelines for the Continued Use of Archival Collections of Embryonic and Fetal Specimens

Benefits from the use of cadavers in anatomical education are well described. Historically, human embryos and fetal cadavers were used in anatomy education to understand development and congenital malformations. Recently, three-dimensional printed models produced from archival fetal specimens, and online repositories of images from archival collections of embryos and fetuses, have been used as an educational tool in human development courses. Given that the archival specimens were likely obtained prior to the era of informed consent, this raises questions about their appropriate and ethical use. Because some institutions in the United States retain archival collections of embryonic and fetal specimens that were once used as educational tools, their existence and utility require frequent reexamination against contemporary ethical frameworks to guide appropriate use or utilization. Four ethical rationales for uses of these collections are examined, including destruction, indefinite storage, use in research, and use in health professions education. Guidelines for the use of archival collections of human embryos and fetuses are presented. Indefinite storage and use in health professions education are supported, while use in research is also permitted, however, such use is limited and dependent on circumstance and purpose. The development of current digital repositories and three-dimensionally printed models based on archival collections that were collected without informed consent, or those promoting commercial opportunity, are not supported. New embryonic and fetal donations obtained with informed consent should include reference to potential uses with new technology and virtual, genetic, or imaging applications.     

藏以致用 化私为公——项士元收藏简论

项士元先生是现代台州的著名学者与民间收藏大家,一生收藏孜孜不倦,爱藏乡邦文献,以3万多卷书、数以千计的文物藏品居台州现代民间收藏之首。他藏以致用,成为台州著名学者。在晚年,他把自己的全部藏品捐献给国家,奠定了今天临海市博物馆馆藏的基础,他那化私为公的行为永远值得所有民间收藏家学习。     

我国高校体育场地的筹资模式

一直以来高校体育场地建设由国家进行财政拨款,自身筹资能力差。随着高校产业化和市场经济的深入发展,高校建立健全市场化的筹资模式,是高校体育场地建设可持续发展的关键。建立健全高校体育场地筹资模式的关键是政府摆正自己的位置,高校大胆采取多种适合体育场地建设的融资方式,同时积极争取社会捐赠资金和高校联合互助金。     

陆心源捐送国子监书籍相关问题考述

光绪十四年陆心源捐送国子监书籍,史料上有记载。但是,关于捐书的目录、版本特点以及附以所刊丛书等问题,并无专门记载。从上海图书馆藏的《陆心源遵捐国子监书清单》抄本出发,可对以上几个问题进行考证研究。     

Evaluation of Information on Body Donation Promotion at Official Websites of Turkish Anatomy Departments

Raising public awareness of body donation is crucial for countries like Turkey that have struggling donation programs. The official websites of anatomy departments may contribute to achieving this goal. Nevertheless, previous studies reported institutional or individual reluctance of departments or anatomists, respectively, due to an expectation of adverse publicity. This study aimed to investigate whether the official websites of Turkish anatomy departments provided information on body donation and analyzed the content of these websites. Websites of anatomy departments at 100 medical faculties were evaluated. Only 12 departments (12%) provided information on body donation with varying content. A thematic analysis of the information provided revealed five main themes. These were (1) legal aspects, (2) significance, (3) acceptance/rejection criteria, (4) availability, and (5) redirection. All departments (n = 12, 100%) outlined the legal aspects of body donation, seven departments (58%) highlighted the significance of body donation, seven departments (58%) provided contact information for potential donors, five departments (41%) covered acceptance/rejection criteria, and three departments (25%) provided a link to the official website of the Turkish Society of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy. Thus, Turkish anatomy departments were reluctant to provide information on body donation, and the content of provided information varied greatly among departments. This lack of information, coordination, and participation in existing awareness activities for body donation in anatomy department websites may be contributing to the low numbers of body donations and donor registrations seen nationally.     

公共图书馆图书捐赠工作探讨

接受捐赠是公共图书馆馆藏资源建设的重要渠道之一。目前,公共图书馆接受社会各界赠书工作普遍存在着无章可循或制度不健全等问题。本文拟对天津泰达图书馆图书捐赠工作进行分析,与同仁共同探讨建立适合公共图书馆的图书捐赠体系,确保接受赠书工作的正常开展。     

论捐赠的伦理原则

捐赠是公民承担社会责任、为社会公益事业发展作出贡献的重要途径。在社会主义市场经济向纵深发展和社会全面进步的今天,我国的捐赠事业总体上呈现出了持续、全面发展的趋势,却又屡屡发生遭遇伦理诘难的情形,这进一步凸显出厘清捐赠伦理原则的必要性和迫切性。把握好捐赠行为的伦理原则不仅是捐赠自身的内在要求,也是新时期社会和谐发展的本质需要。     

Maintaining the anonymity of cadavers in medical education: Historic relic or educational and ethical necessity?

Throughout the modern history of anatomical dissection by medical and other health science students, cadavers have been anonymized. This has meant that students have been provided with limited, if any, information on the identities or medical histories of those they are dissecting. While there was little way around this when the bodies were unclaimed, this need not be the case when the bodies have been donated. However, with a few exceptions, no efforts have been made to change this model. Recent attempts to move anatomy teaching in a more humanistic direction, by emphasizing the cadaver as the students' first patient and with the growth of commemoration services following the dissecting process, raise the question of whether cadavers should continue to be anonymized. In laying a basis for discussion of this matter, we outline what appear to be the virtues of anonymity, and the form that alternatives to anonymity might take. The options identified are nonidentification, low information; nonidentification, moderate information; and identification, full information. The virtues and drawbacks of each of these possibilities are assessed by analyzing their value for students, and also for donors and their families. Policy issues raised by alternatives are also considered. This article provides a basis for continued discussion and suggestions for further research in this area. Anat Sci Educ 10: 87–97. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

The effects of prior reputation and type and duration of charitable donation on celebrities’ personal public relations: an investigation based on attribution theory

Charitable donations made by celebrities are being increasingly reported by news media in South Korea. This experimental study has examined the effects of celebrities’ prior reputations, and the duration and type of charitable donation they perform, on young participants’ evaluations of these celebrities (i.e. motive attribution, attitudes toward the celebrities, and related purchase intentions). The results ascertained the main effects of prior reputation and duration and type of donation on the dependent variables. Most notably, the results also found the interaction effect of duration and type of donation on the participants’ evaluation of motive attribution. That is, participants who were exposed to news stories concerning celebrities’ volunteer efforts, or monetary contributions that involve volunteer efforts, performed over long periods of time reported the highest level of motive attribution. Based on these results, this study discussed theoretical and practical implications.     

African-Americans’ perceptions of organ donation: ‘simply boils down to mistrust!’

Five focus groups were conducted to better understand African-American adults’ (N?=?62) perceptions of organ donation. Applying the health belief model, results revealed that participants generally were aware of the need for organ donors and felt susceptible to needing a transplant in the future. Additionally, the number of perceived barriers greatly outweighed the number of perceived benefits to organ donation. Several novel barriers to organ donation, not currently identified in the literature, arose during focus group discussions, alluding to a larger source of mistrust among African-Americans. In respect to self-efficacy, participants’ responses further delineated the distinction between task and decisional efficacy. The results are discussed with an emphasis on how the current findings compare and contrast with previous work, as well as a focus on the practical implications for targeted organ donation campaigns aimed at African-American communities.