量论因明学量式的内在演变

量论因明学是因为辩论的需要而产生的.量式是在辩论的过程中必须恪守的众多规则之一.量式的发展过程,先后经历了早期耆那教和正理派富差耶那提出的十支论式,到正理派确立的五支论式,以及后来集大成者陈那改造的三支论式和法称发展的二支论式,到最后藏传因明的应成轮式.从它总的发展过程来看,量式的形式越来越简约,所有的论式到最后只有回到现量境,才能最终确立正智.     

‘Rude speech’ and ‘ignorant audience’: power of ignorance and language politics at an Aotearoa/New Zealand school

In studies of minority language education, researchers tend to base their arguments on the assumption that knowledge empowers and ignorance disempowers. In this article, however, I show two alternative dynamics of knowledge and relations of dominance by drawing on my ethnographic fieldwork at a secondary school in Aotearoa/New Zealand in 1997–8. First, by analyzing the ways some Pākehā (white) parents complained about Māori speeches at school by saying ‘not everyone understands it’, I argue that relations of dominance can create the legitimacy even in ignorance and work to marginalize an already repressed minority language. Second, by showing how other Pākehā accepted the speeches even though they did not understand them, I argue that an acknowledgement of ignorance can be an act of embracing the unknowable cultural others by abandoning a sense of entitlement to know. From these observations, this paper suggests a reformulation of the understanding of the relationship between knowledge and power and calls for investigating various contours of ignorance situated in specific relations of dominance.     

从鸠摩罗什的翻译思想看《妙法莲花经》的审美再现原则和方法

本文以现代翻译学的社会效益观为基点,通过对比鸠摩罗什的《妙法莲花经》和竺法护的《正法华经》,阐释鸠摩罗什译本体现的可读性,文风时尚性及文体适应性等三种审美再现原则;简要分析译文采用的模拟、对应、重构等审美再现方法。     

Les expéditions militaires contre Chypre (1424–1426) d’après ṢāliḤ b. YāḤya: Quelques remarques sur la marine mamelouke

Le texte rédigé par Sālih b.Yahyā constitue une source primordiale pour létude des expéditions militaires mameloukes contre Chypre entre 1424 et 1426 car l’auteur a joué un rôle principal dans la deuxième et la troisième attaque. Â la différence d'autres chroniqueurs arabes, Sālih b.Yahyā fournit des informations importantes qui permettent de reconstruire les événements et de comprendre le fonctionnement de la marine mamelouke.     

九姓乌古斯的民居与服饰文化初探

回鹘是今天维吾尔族和裕固族的共同祖先,在中国历史上,这是一个非常活跃的民族,很长一段时间以来,研究回鹘的历史和文化多是根据汉文文献。《纪闻花絮》产生于11世纪中期,成于伽色尼王朝的一位名叫迦尔迪齐的年轻人之手,堪称历史学、地理学和民族学多种资料的汇集。该书对九姓乌古斯,即回鹘有比较详细的记载,不仅可与中国史书或回鹘文献的相关记载相印证,而且有很多记载不见于汉文史籍,弥足珍贵。从《纪闻花絮》可以看出九姓乌古斯之民居、服饰颇有个性,跟吐鲁番地区气候条件具有极其密切的关系,为今后回鹘历史和文化研究提供了新思路。     

国风中的“桑”意象及其义涵

"桑"在《诗经·国风》中反复出现,部分篇目中"桑"单指自然界的植物;也有一些具备了"意象"特征,暗含着主观的"意"和某些隐秘的意义,属于意象范畴。具体来讲,国风中的"桑"意象义涵有两层:一是象征义,具有象征性的"桑"意象储存并积淀了乡里之思、男女情爱等社会内容,其象征意义源于对社和社树的崇拜。二是引申义,国风部分篇目中"桑"意象逐渐专指男女情爱。综合而言,"桑"意象先于言有尽而意无穷的审美意象存在,在原始宗教意识的观照下形成,而不同于造景抒情的审美意象。     

Overcoming ‘Being’ in Favour of Knowledge: The fixing effect of ‘mātauranga’

It is common to hear Māori discuss primordial states of Being, yet in colonisation those very central beliefs are forced into weaker utterances. In this process those utterances merely conform to a colonised agenda. ‘Mātauranga’, a tidy term that overwhelmingly refers to an epistemological knowing of the world, colludes nicely with its English equivalent, ‘knowledge’, to further colonise those core contemplations of Being. Its plausibility relies on an orderly regard of things in the world. In education, historical and current practices of schooling pave the way for things in the world so that they amount to mātauranga for Māori, and even the term ‘ako’ will conspire in its own way. Both Novalis and Heidegger have the ability to identify subtly colonising philosophies, and may even propose some theoretical solutions for Māori.     

An Ottoman Preacher's Perception of a Medieval Cosmography: Maḥmūd al-Haṭīb's Translation of Kharīdat al-ʿAjāʾib wa Farīḍat al-Gharāʾib

The ninth/fifteenth century Arabic work, Kharīdat al-?Ajā?ib wa Farī?at al-Gharā?ib, ascribed to Ibn al-Wardī (d. 861/1457), was frequently translated into Ottoman Turkish and widely read by the Ottoman literati between the tenth/sixteenth and thirteenth/nineteenth centuries. The most popular translation of the Kharīdat al-?Ajā?ib that is extant today with more than thirty copies in libraries worldwide was made by the tenth/sixteenth century Ottoman preacher Ma?mūd al-Ha?īb. Within the context of Medieval Islamic cosmographical works and their translations, which have potential to shed light on the Ottoman worldview in the early modern era, this paper delves into the extra-textual statements of the translator in the form of eye-witness accounts and contemporary hearsay. By doing so, it argues that Ma?mūd al-Ha?īb's intervention in the text he translated not only provides him with grounds for confirmation of the worldview promoted in the Kharīdat al-?Ajā?ib, but also expressions on certain issues related to sixteenth century Ottoman rule.     

Equity in New Zealand university graduate outcomes: Māori and Pacific graduates

Higher education confers significant private and social benefits. Māori and Pacific peoples are under-represented within New Zealand universities and have poorer labour market outcomes (e.g., lower wages, under-represented in skilled professions). A New Zealand tertiary education priority is to boost Māori and Pacific success in an effort to improve outcomes for these graduates, their communities and society in general. Using information collected in the Graduate Longitudinal Study New Zealand, we compared Māori and Pacific university graduate outcomes with outcomes of other New Zealand graduates. Data were collected when the participants were in their final year of study (n?=?8719) and two years post-graduation (n?=?6104). Employment outcomes were comparable between Māori, Pacific and other New Zealand graduates at two years post-graduation; however, Māori and Pacific graduates had significantly higher student debt burden and financial strain over time. They were significantly more likely to help others (e.g., family) across a range of situations (e.g., lending money), and reported higher levels of volunteerism compared to their counterparts. Boosting higher education success for Māori and Pacific students has the potential to reduce ethnic inequalities in New Zealand labour market outcomes and may result in significant private benefits for these graduates and social benefits as a result of their contribution to society.     

The emergent literacy skills of four-year-old children receiving free kindergarten early childhood education in New Zealand

This study investigated the emergent literacy and language skills of four-year-old children in New Zealand during their kindergarten year prior to school-entry. A total of 92 four-year-old children from a range of socio-economic areas were seen individually at their local kindergarten and were assessed on code-related measures (letter name knowledge, initial phoneme awareness, emergent name writing) and meaning-related measures (story comprehension and retelling ability). Approximately, 60% of the parents completed a home literacy questionnaire. Regression analyses showed no effect for age on any of the code-related measures. In contrast, significant effects for age were found on story comprehension and retelling ability. There were no differences in performance based on gender with two exceptions: Girls performed better than boys on letter name knowledge and early name writing. Questionnaire results suggested literacy activities were valued in the home environment with most parents reporting reading to their child each night, and the majority of parents reported owning more than 60 children’s books. Results from the current study suggest more explicit teaching may be necessary within the kindergarten curriculum to facilitate the code-related skills linked to successful word recognition ability and early spelling development.