荒诞主题的存在主义解读——关于《黑暗的心》的一种阐释

《黑暗的心》是英国杰出小说家约瑟夫.康拉德的一部极有影响力的作品。评论家们大多从神秘、象征、精神分析和殖民主义的角度来加以诠释,对其荒诞的主题则鲜有涉足。存在主义哲学主要探讨和关注人类在现代社会中的生存境况和精神世界。本文以存在主义理论为基础,通过对小说中自然环境、人物以及人际关系和事件描写的分析,揭示了小说的主题——荒诞;同时指出康拉德在小说中生动地描述他所预见到的现代人荒谬而可怕的生存状态,是源自于他对生活的观察和体验,表达了他对人类未来的关切和忧虑。     

从小波多尺度思想看李约瑟难题争鸣的现实意义

著名的李约瑟难题已经困扰了学术界数十个春秋,在人们尝试从不同的观点解答该难题的同时,对其是否有完全解产生了质疑.本文以自然科学领域的小波分析多分辨思想为出发点,用不同的历史尺度分别探讨了求解李约瑟难题的现实意义.     

Solomon ben Joseph ha-Kohen on Fāṭimid Victory: A Hebrew Ode to al-Mustanṣir Billāh and Badr al-Jamālī Reconsidered

Abstract

This article presents a vocalised edition (on the basis of MS T.-S. Misc. 36.174, Cambridge University Library) and a revised translation of a Hebrew ode written on the occasion of the Fā?imid victory over the invading Saljūq army in Cairo in 469/1077. Elaborating on earlier research on the Cairo Genizah treasures starting with Julius H. Greenstone's 1906 paper, the article first of all aims to present whatever historical data can be obtained about the poet, Solomon ben Joseph ha-Kohen, and about the time period and the circumstances in which he must have written his poem, which is addressed to the Fā?imid caliph al-Mustan?ir Billāh and his vizier Badr al-Jamālī. Other major objectives of the article are the identification of other historical persons and events alluded to in the praise poem, a literary analysis of the ode within the conceptual framework of “martial poetry”, and an examination of its laudatory or propagandistic aspects.     

Perceiving punishment as a contingent of interethnic relations

This study raises the question of whether the perception of punishment is contingent upon ethnic homogeneity or heterogeneity of teachers and students. Eighty Israeli Oriental seventh-grade students were classified into two groups according to their ethnic identification scores. Each was shown one of four films portraying a classroom scene in which a student (Oriental or Western) is punished by either a Western or an Oriental teacher. Results show that the context of interethnic relationships influences the perception of punishment. Compared to low identifiers, the high identifiers perceived punishment as unjust and showed less affection for a Western teacher punishing an Oriental student than for a Western teacher punishing a Western student. In a parallel fashion, the high identifiers assessed more positively an Oriental teacher punishing a Western student than the low identifiers. The results are discussed in terms of interethnic relations and attributional bias.     

Vocabulary learning

This article addresses the question of how to account for the growth in vocabulary knowledge that occurs during the elementary school years. Areas examined include the ways that word meanings are communicated, direct teaching of meanings vocabulary instruction as a part of reading instruction, and deriving and learning word meanings from verbal context. Taken singly, neither direct instruction of meanings nor learning word meanings from context seems to account all that well for the growth in vocabulary that is thought to occur.     

Agent-regret and sporting glory

ABSTRACT

When sporting agents fail through wrongful or faulty behaviour, they should feel guilty; when they fail because of a deficiency in their abilities, they should feel shame. But sometimes we fail without being deficient and without being at fault. I illustrate this with two examples of players, Moacir Barbosa and Roberto Baggio, who failed in World Cup finals and cost their teams the greatest prize in sport. Although both players failed, I suggest that neither was at fault and neither was deficient. I argue that we can fail through no fault of our own because our abilities are always fallible. This fallibility means that to succeed – to achieve sporting glory – we must run the risk of failure. The appropriate emotion to feel over such failures is agent-regret. Sporting agents and observers should not take up what I call the ‘critical position’: the idea that someone who fails must be deficient or must have been at fault. This allows for a softer, but also more accurate, attitude towards our own failures and the failures of others. I end by suggesting that the fallibility of our abilities is made clear through playing or watching sport, and this can illuminate life more broadly.     

从构造性谈李约瑟难题

从数学的构造性入手,我们剖析了李约瑟难题,并通过论证指出:近代数学是中西结合的产物,中国在近代数学方面落后的重要原因就是没有及时地吸取他国之长。     

A Tentative Analysis of Soft Power and its Usage in US Foreign Policies

The term "soft power" is coined by a noted American scholar Joseph Nye. It means a nation’s ability to get others to do what it wants without either coercive military or economic pressures, or material inducements. It is the attractiveness and seduction, the resources of which include culture, values, political ideas and policies. During the past two decades, the soft power concept has gained widespread acceptance and usage. In a global information age and in a multi-polarized world, the US government has all along attached much importance to the exercise of soft power in foreign policies. It goes to great lengths to advance its universal culture and values, promote public diplomacy, and shape the world order by helping establish the international institutions and norms. The US government draws on the resources of soft power to improve the national image and thus promote its popularity across the world with a view to serving the national interests. The idea of soft power improves the traditional concept of power, enriches the practice of the US diplomacy. However, we shouldn’t fail to see that it is based on US superiority with the ultimate goal of achieving US hegemony. But still we can learn something from the concept and introduce it into our policies.     

阿奇博尔德.希尔的神经生理学贡献——学科历史功绩及启示

英国生理学家阿奇博尔德·希尔长期从事神经生理学研究并做出了重要贡献。他首次发现神经受刺激后的产热现象并对此进行了深入探讨。他提出高度概括的电兴奋与适应的成功理论,对电生理学的发展产生了积极影响。本文对希尔在神经生理学领：战的工作和贡献进行历史性回顾,并揭示其现实的深刻启示,以期为今后的科学研究提供借鉴。