Swedish PE teachers’ understandings of legitimate movement in a criterion-referenced grading system

Background: Physical Education (PE) has been associated with a multi-activity model in which movement is related to sport discourses and sport techniques. However, as in many international contexts, the Swedish national PE syllabus calls for a wider and more inclusive concept of movement. Complex movement adapted to different settings is valued, and in the national grading criteria qualitative measures of movement are used. This research seeks to examine how the wider concept of movement is interpreted and graded. Drawing on Bernstein’s concept of the pedagogic device, the paper explores teachers’ roles as active mediators in the transformation of national grading criteria for movement and the kinds of movement that are valued in teachers’ grading practices. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate what PE teachers consider legitimate movement in a criterion-referenced grading system and the factors that influence their grading practice. The Repertory Grid (RG) technique was employed in order to access their tacit knowledge. Methodology: Seven Swedish PE teachers were interviewed, all of whom teach and grade years seven to nine in different compulsory schools. Using the RG technique, the teachers were asked to reflect on the aspects they considered important for achieving a high grade. The national grading criteria for years seven to nine were then presented one at a time and the teachers were asked to describe how they assessed and graded each requirement. The teachers were also asked whether any specific factors had influenced their grading. In the content analysis, the second part of the interview was attended to first and the results were interpreted in light of Bernsteins’ concept of the pedagogic device. Findings: Sport techniques and competitive sports influenced the teachers’ interpretations of what constitutes complex movement. The aspect of fitness also appeared to be valued by the teachers in that it facilitates the valued movement. In some cases the difficulty of describing movement qualities in words could reduce the concept of movement to something measurable and quantifiable. The teachers’ concerns about students’ unequal opportunities to develop and demonstrate their skills also influenced the teachers’ interpretation of complex movement. Conclusions: In the transformation of national grading criteria to grading practice, the pedagogic actions taken inform and limit the way in which legitimate movement in PE is conceptualised. Adopting a concept of movement that is wider than competitive sports allows the structures of inequality to be addressed and enables the movements performed by students with other moving experiences than competitive sports to be valued. The tension between the demands of transparency in a high stakes grading system and the inability to articulate the quality of complex movements is problematic. There is a need to verbalise teachers’ conceptions about physical education knowledge to be able to discuss and develop the concept of movement. In this process, the RG technique is a potentially useful tool. Having the language to discuss movement qualities also enables us to strengthen the interrelation between curriculum, pedagogy and assessment.     

Combined individual scrummaging kinetics and muscular power predict competitive team scrum success

Scrummaging is a major component of Rugby Union gameplay. Successful scrummaging is dependent on the coordination of the forward players and the strength of the eight individuals. The study aim was to determine whether individual scrummaging kinetics and other candidate factors associated with scrummaging performance discriminate team scrum performances. Sixteen club-level forwards (stature: 1.80?±?0.1?m; mass: 99.0?±?18.2?kg) were initially divided into two scrummaging packs. A total of 10 various scrum permutations were tested, where players were randomly swapped between the two packs. Winning scrums were determined by two observers on opposite sides of the scrum. Fatigue (100?mm visual analogue scale (VAS)) and scrummaging effort (6–20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE)) were assessed following each scrum contest. Individual scrummaging kinetics were acquired through an instrumented scrum ergometer and muscular power indicated through vertical jump heights. Student’s t-tests were used to differentiate between winning and losing scrum packs. VAS and RPE were assessed using repeated measures ANOVAs. Winning scrum packs had significantly larger combined force magnitudes (p?<?.002), regardless of the player contribution calculations. Additionally, winning packs had less individual movement (p?=?.033) and higher combined vertical jump heights (p?<?.001) but were not significantly heavier (p?=?.759) than losing scrum packs. While perceived VAS and RPE values progressively increased (p?<?.001), no differences in the individual scrum magnitudes were observed between the 1st and 10th scrum (p?=?.418). The results indicated that the combination of individual forces, variation in movement and factors related to scrummaging performance, such as vertical jump height, were associated with team scrummaging success.     

浅谈中小企业网络安全及解决方案

以Internet为代表的信息网络技术应用正日益普及和广泛使用,网络安全已经成为影响网络效能重要的问题,企业内部局域网中经常会受到计算机病毒、垃圾邮件、木马程序等入侵和干扰。网络已成为每个企业日常经营中所不可或缺的一部分,在获取大量网络资源的同时,如何确保网络信息的纯净,网络安全如何防护则成为重要的问题。本文重点介绍了中小企业网络安全受到的威胁及防护。     

独立学院开展电子设计竞赛的探索--以长江大学文理学院为例

大学生电子设计竞赛是教育部倡导的大学生学科竞赛之一,是面向大学生的群众性科技活动,在学生中有着较高的认知度。本文针对独立学院大学生的特点,探讨和研究出一些适合他们参加全国大学生电子设计大赛的培训方法,并对独立学院学生参加电子大赛的培训模式和独立院校电子设计大赛发展的方向进行了探讨。     

Curriculum,pedagogy and assessment: three message systems of schooling and dimensions of quality physical education

This paper identifies ‘quality’ as an internationally relevant concept to be problematised in contemporary debates about physical education (PE). Drawing on the conceptualisation of curriculum by B. Bernstein in 1977, pedagogy and assessment as three inter-related message systems of schooling, the paper presents and explores curriculum, pedagogy and assessment as three fundamental dimensions of ‘quality PE’. Discussion addresses what quality in each dimension may mean in PE, and demand in practice. Contemporary initiatives in Australia and New Zealand provide a reference point for exploring the prospective application of quality conceptualised in terms of the three inter-related dimensions. Attention is drawn to frameworks in mainstream education that may be utilised in endeavours to critically review current practices, and inform developments directed towards achieving quality in PE. It is argued that achieving quality in PE requires that quality is pursued and demonstrated within and across curriculum, pedagogy and assessment, and that meanings of quality always need to be contextualised in cultural, social and institutional terms.     

河南省大中型企业职工体育管理机制现状及对策研究

通过对河南省大中型企业职工体育管理机构和内容的研究,分析企业职工体育管理存在的主要问题,提出企业职工体育管理的对策。     

基于时尚体育家园自动化管理的互联网三维公共服务平台的研究

本文综合分析了目前基于互联网开发的体育旅游方面的相关网站现状,根据中国网民数量逐年激增的现象,提出关于时尚体育家园自动化管理的概念,融合体育产业、旅游产业、动漫游戏产业于同一参照系中,形成紧密互动、互为补充、资源整合的统一体,并以此构建起服务于体育旅游产业的互联网三维公共服务平台,以期在更广泛地虚拟世界中聚集网民的注意...     

新公共服务理论对我国政府在社区体育管理中职能定位的启示

从新公共服务理论的视角,对服务型政府构建背景下的政府在社区体育管理中的职能定位进行了探讨。发现当前政府在社区体育管理中存在职能垄断和多重角色、公共体育产品供给不足、抑制公民参与和忽视公共利益等问题。得出了新公共服务理论对我国政府在社区体育管理中职能定位的启示:转变政府职能,建立多元责任观的价值取向;尊重社区公民的体育权利,以公民的利益为核心;在思想上要具有战略性,行动上要具有民主性。     

New mode of universal access and Global Memory Net

INTRODUCTION During 1998~2002, I was privileged to serve as a member of the US President’s Information Technol- ogy Advisory Committee (PITAC), and all members were deeply involved in the drafting of several PITAC Reports to the President. The one related to digital libraries was the 2001 Report of the PITAC Digital Library Panel, entitled Digital Libraries: Universal Access to Human Knowledge (PITAC, 2001). It offers an ambitious vision: “All citizens anywhere anytime c…     

仓储式商场管理信息系统及电子商城系统的设计

本文在研究了国内大量仓储式商场的经营管理模式和仓储式商场计算机信息管理现状的基础上，提出了仓储式商场计算机管理的信息系统模型。该模型不但解决了仓储式商场日常内部管理如柜台收费、库存商品管理、商品采购等一系列的问题，同时也提出了仓储式商场电子商务B—C模型，对提高企业管理水平和企业在消费者心目中的地位有一定的意义。