Acute fatigue negatively affects risk factors for injury in trained but not well-trained habitually shod runners when running barefoot

Introduction: Many factors may contribute to running-related injury. These include fatigue and footwear, the combination of which has rarely been studied, in particular with reference to barefoot running, recently advocated as a method to reduce injury risk. Methods: Twenty-two runners (12 well-trained and 10 trained) participated in a 10?km fatiguing trial. Knee and ankle joint kinematics and kinetics and electromyography were assessed during overground running in the barefoot and shod condition. This was performed pre- and post-fatigue using a motion capture system and force platforms. Results: Initial loading rate increased in the trained runners when barefoot but not shod. Shod knee stiffness increased in both groups after fatigue, whereas barefoot knee stiffness decreased only in the trained group. A reduction in barefoot bicep femoris pre-activation was found in both groups. During stance, a reduction in vastus lateralis and biceps femoris and an increase in tibialis anterior activity were found over time in both groups and conditions. Trained runners decreased gluteus medius and increased lateral gastrocnemius median frequency for both conditions after fatigue. Conclusion: When fatigued, gait adjustments in habitually shod runners may increase injury risk when running barefoot. Training status may be a risk factor for injury, as less-trained runners experience muscular fatigue changes that may compromise ground reaction force attenuation. Caution is recommended when transitioning to pure barefoot running.     

枸杞多糖的生物学效应及其在运动中的应用

枸杞多糖（LBP）是枸杞发挥生物学作用的主要有效成分。阐述了枸杞多 糖的多种生物学效应及其与提高运动能力之间的关系,探讨了其提高运动能力的 生物学机制,并展望了其作为运动营养补剂的发展前景。     

Misconceptions about traumatic brain injury among students preparing to be special education professionals

The researchers performed a survey study to determine the effectiveness of collegiate programmes in dispelling common misconceptions about traumatic brain injury (TBI) while preparing undergraduate and graduate students for special education (SpEd) careers. Respondents included 136 undergraduate and 147 graduate SpEd students in their final semesters before obtaining degrees. Each completed an 18‐item true/false survey about TBI and the associated recovery process. Results were compared with survey responses from 318 lay public respondents who participated in a previous study. Two major findings emerged: (a) no significant differences existed in misconception endorsement between SpEd students completing Bachelor's versus Master's degrees; and (b) graduating students in SpEd teacher preparation programmes endorsed similar misconceptions as lay public respondents; hence, these programmes do not appear effective in dispelling common TBI misconceptions. Improving academic preparation for special educators regarding TBI is imperative for effectively identifying, assessing and serving student survivors.     

100 堂大学女生体育课运动负荷的保健学分析

本文测量了普通高校女生１００ 堂９０ ｍ ｉｎ 体育课２００ 人次的运动负荷,显示了课中脉率变化曲线有 ３ 种情况, 其中最高脉率达 １４０～１５０ 次／ｍ ｉｎ, 平均脉率在１１２～１２２ 次／ｍ ｉｎ, 净增脉率在 ３２～４３ 次／ｍ ｉｎ, 此种运动负荷量对 ９６５％ 的女生可能是适宜的, 但对 ３５％ 的女生可能偏大。体育课运动负荷是否适宜可从体育课的脉率变化曲线、运动负荷量等级、机体反应和课后脉率恢复时间等４ 个方面进行综合分析。     

对12、13届亚运会田径运动水平的量化评价与比较研究

本文运用达标类体育项目运动水平百分制评定法，以12、13届亚运会当年的世界田径最好成绩为标准，对12、13届亚运会田径运动水平进行了定量分析与比较研究。结果表现：与第12届亚运会相比，第13届亚运会田径运动水平男子呈停滞状态，女子呈下降趋势。     

《学生伤害事故处理办法》存在的问题分析

从我国现行法律法规角度出发,结合学校教育中学生伤害事故的具体情况,分析探讨了教育部《学生伤害事故处理办法》存在的几个问题。《学生伤害事故处理办法》部分条款条文的规定已超越其权限范围、不合理地规避公平责任和需进一步细化具体内容。建议：通过国家立法完善学生伤害事故处理的规范。     

Impact absorption of tennis shoe-surface combinations

The aim of this study was to investigate, for typical shoes and surfaces used in tennis, the relative role of the shoe and surface in providing cushioning during running. Five test surfaces ranging from concrete to artificial turf were selected, together with two shoe models. Impact absorbing ability was assessed mechanically using drop test procedures and biomechanically using peak magnitude and rate of loading of impact force and peak in-shoe pressure data at the lateral heel. Differences in biomechanical variables between shoe-surface combinations were identified using a two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Mechanical test results were found to rank the surfaces in the same order regardless of the shoe model, suggesting that the surface is influential in providing cushioning. However, for all mechanical and biomechanical (p < 0.05) variables representing impact absorbing ability, it was found that the difference between shoes was markedly greater than the differences between surfaces. The peak heel pressure data were found to rank the surfaces in the same order as the mechanical tests, while impact force data were not as sensitive to the changes in surface. Correlations between mechanical and biomechanical impact absorption highlighted the importance of testing the shoe-surface combination in mechanical tests, rather than the surface alone. In conclusion, mechanical testing of the shoe-surface combination was found to provide a strong predictor of the impact absorbing ability during running if pressure data were used. In addition, for typical shoe-surface combinations in tennis, the shoe was found to have more potential than the surface to influence impact loading during running. Finally, in-shoe pressure data were found to be more sensitive than force plate data to changes in material cushioning.     

国产气垫夹板治疗踝关节损伤的临床观察

运用国产气垫夹板对37例急性踝关节损伤进行了治疗效果的观察和分析。结果证实:国产气垫夹板对踝关节扭伤后所致的韧带损伤和稳定性骨折均有明显的治疗作用;踝关节气垫夹板固定时间相对较短,韧带拉伤平均18天,稳定性骨折平均31天;国产气垫夹板限制踝关节内翻和外翻,但不影响踝关节的背伸和跖屈运动,患者可进行早期关节活动。     

对我国优秀女子标枪运动员早衰现象及其训练学原因的探讨

对我国优秀女子标枪运动员早衰的调查研究表明,我国优秀女子标枪运动寿命比世界选手平均少５．５岁,明显存在早衰现象。从训练学因素研究表明,导致我国女子标枪运动员早衰的原因是：运动负荷过大,基础阶段训练手段单一,大力量练习过多,运动年限较短,过于专项成绩,运动员损伤严重等     

赛艇运动员的创伤流行病学研究

本文对6支赛艇队154名运动员进行了创伤调查,结果表明,创伤患病率为55．20％,慢性损伤占70．27％,其中腰孤肌慢性损伤居首位,其次为膑骨软骨病、膑腹腱围炎和肩袖损伤。致伤情况主要为专项训练时致伤,占患病率60．35％,多为慢性损伤长期积累造成。认为今后应针对专项训练特点,加强科学训练。